抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

R J Baxter 1982 London: Academic xii + 486 pp price £43.60 Over the past few years there has been a growing belief that all the twodimensional lattice statistical models will eventually be solved and that it will be Professor Baxter who solves them. Baxter has inherited the mantle of Onsager who started the process by solving exactly the two-dimensional Ising model in 1944.

Exactly Solved Models in Statistical Mechanics

We develop a method for the multifractal characterization of nonstationary time series, which is based on a generalization of the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). We relate our multifractal DFA method to the standard partition function-based multifractal formalism, and prove that both approaches are equivalent for stationary signals with compact support. By analyzing several examples we show that the new method can reliably determine the multifractal scaling behavior of time series. By comparing the multifractal DFA results for original series with those for shuffled series we can distinguish multifractality due to long-range correlations from multifractality due to a broad probability density function. We also compare our results with the wavelet transform modulus maxima method, and show that the results are equivalent.

pdf/multifractal-detrended-fluctuation-analysis-of-nonstationary-11r4541ni3.pdf

Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis of Nonstationary Time Series

This is a review of the statistical properties of the scattering matrix of a mesoscopic system. Two geometries are contrasted: A quantum dot and a disordered wire. The quantum dot is a confined region with a chaotic classical dynamics, which is coupled to two electron reservoirs via point contacts. The disordered wire also connects two reservoirs, either directly or via a point contact or tunnel barrier. One of the two reservoirs may be in the superconducting state, in which case conduction involves Andreev reflection at the interface with the superconductor. In the case of the quantum dot, the distribution of the scattering matrix is given by either Dyson{close_quote}s circular ensemble for ballistic point contacts or the Poisson kernel for point contacts containing a tunnel barrier. In the case of the disordered wire, the distribution of the scattering matrix is obtained from the Dorokhov-Mello-Pereyra-Kumar equation, which is a one-dimensional scaling equation. The equivalence is discussed with the nonlinear {sigma} model, which is a supersymmetric field theory of localization. The distribution of scattering matrices is applied to a variety of physical phenomena, including universal conductance fluctuations, weak localization, Coulomb blockade, sub-Poissonian shot noise, reflectionless tunneling into a superconductor, and giant conductance oscillationsmore » in a Josephson junction. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less

/pdf/random-matrix-theory-of-quantum-transport-fbinyr09o3.pdf

Random-matrix theory of quantum transport

Bound states in the continuum (BICs) are waves that remain localized even though they coexist with a continuous spectrum of radiating waves that can carry energy away. Their very existence defies conventional wisdom. Although BICs were first proposed in quantum mechanics, they are a general wave phenomenon and have since been identified in electromagnetic waves, acoustic waves in air, water waves and elastic waves in solids. These states have been studied in a wide range of material systems, such as piezoelectric materials, dielectric photonic crystals, optical waveguides and fibres, quantum dots, graphene and topological insulators. In this Review, we describe recent developments in this field with an emphasis on the physical mechanisms that lead to BICs across seemingly very different materials and types of waves. We also discuss experimental realizations, existing applications and directions for future work. The fascinating wave phenomenon of ‘bound states in the continuum’ spans different material and wave systems, including electron, electromagnetic and mechanical waves. In this Review, we focus on the common physical mechanisms underlying these bound states, whilst also discussing recent experimental realizations, current applications and future opportunities for research.

pdf/bound-states-in-the-continuum-ysynzoukox.pdf

Bound states in the continuum

We present an exact calculation of the persistent current in interacting disordered 1D rings. This system exhibits a variety of interesting behaviors depending on the disorder and the strength of electron-electron interactions. We find that even for the disordered case the current at high values of interactions is strongly suppressed due to the Mott-Hubbard metal-insulator transition. We observe that no dramatic increase of the averaged current or its rms value as a result of interactions is possible for these systems

Persistent currents in an interacting 1D disordered ring: Manifestations of the Mott-Hubbard transition.

Memory effect of waves in disordered systems: A real-space approach.

The distribution of persistent currents in interacting 2D disordered cylinders

We show that strong clustering of links in complex networks, i.e., a high probability of triadic closure, can induce a localization-delocalization quantum phase transition (Anderson-like transition) of coherent excitations. For example, the propagation of light wave packets between two distant nodes of an optical network (composed of fibers and beam splitters) will be absent if the fraction of closed triangles exceeds a certain threshold. We suggest that such an experiment is feasible with current optics technology. We determine the corresponding phase diagram as a function of clustering coefficient and disorder for scale-free networks of different degree distributions $P(k)\ensuremath{\sim}{k}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\lambda}}$. Without disorder, we observe no phase transition for $\ensuremath{\lambda}l4$, a quantum transition for $\ensuremath{\lambda}g4$, and an additional distinct classical transition for $\ensuremath{\lambda}g4.5$. Disorder reduces the critical clustering coefficient such that phase transitions occur for smaller $\ensuremath{\lambda}$.

http://havlin.biu.ac.il/PS/Wave%20Localization%20in%20Complex%20Networks%20with%20High%20Clustering.pdf

Wave localization in complex networks with high clustering.

Geometric scaling of the optical memory effect is studied for transmission and reflection. Two-dimensional momentum matching, and two-dimensional scaling of the correlation function, is obtained for smooth-surfaced samples from theory and from experiment. Very rough-surfaced samples exhibit three-dimensional scaling. Internal surface reflections are found to play an important role in determining the width of the correlation function, and are shown substantially to account for previous discrepancies between theory and experiment.

Geometric scaling of the optical memory effect in coherent-wave propagation through random media

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