다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Microglia can be categorized into two opposite types: classical (M1) or alternative (M2), though there’s a continuum of different intermediate phenotypes between M1 and M2, and microglia can transit from one phenotype to another. M1 microglia release inflammatory mediators and induce inflammation and neurotoxicity, while M2 microglia release anti-inflammatory mediators and induce anti-inflammatory and neuroprotectivity. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is considered as a double-edged sword, performing both harmful and helpful effects in neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies showed that balancing microglia M1/M2 polarization had a promising therapeutic prospect in neurodegenerative diseases. We suggest that shifting microglia from M1 to M2 may be significant and we focus on the modulation of microglia polarization from M1 to M2, especially by important signal pathways, in neurodegenerative diseases.

Microglia Polarization From M1 to M2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) presents suitable physicochemical properties and biocompatibility for biomedical engineering. However, PLA has some drawbacks, such as low cell adhesion, biological inertness, low degradation rate, and acid degradation by-products. In this review, recent progress on strategies to address these problems is summarized, including novel fabrication techniques, high-performance PLA composites, and their applications for tissue engineering and drug delivery. The scaffolds, especially for bone regeneration, blood vessels, organs, and skin regeneration are evaluated, in terms of in vivo and in vitro biocompatibility and biodegradability. The enhanced mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of PLA biocomposites are analyzed in detail. PLA biocomposites for drug encapsulation, sustained release, and tumor-targeting are also reviewed. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives on PLA-based biocomposites are discussed.

Current applications of poly(lactic acid) composites in tissue engineering and drug delivery

Medical advances have led to a welcome increase in life expectancy. However, accompanying longevity introduces new challenges: increases in age-related diseases and associated reductions in quality of life. The loss of skeletal tissue that can accompany trauma, injury, disease or advancing years can result in significant morbidity and significant socio-economic cost and emphasise the need for new, more reliable skeletal regeneration strategies. To address the unmet need for bone augmentation, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have come to the fore in recent years with new approaches for de novo skeletal tissue formation. Typically, these approaches seek to harness stem cells, innovative scaffolds and biological factors that promise enhanced and more reliable bone formation strategies to improve the quality of life for many. This review provides an overview of recent developments in bone tissue engineering focusing on skeletal stem cells, vascular development, bone formation and the translation from preclinical in vivo models to clinical delivery.

/pdf/bone-tissue-engineering-4q87bhnyc0.pdf

Bone Tissue Engineering

Burn is one of the major causes of mortality in the world, and its prevalence in the developing countries is multiple times the developed countries.In traditional medicinal plants were used to treat injuries and subside pains and accelerate the healing of burn wounds.Oak (Jaft) and Hypericum Perforatum as antioxidants have antimicrobial and antiseptic effects, the extracts of which were used in this design to repair second grade burns in male rats.Materials and methods: Some 50 male rats of wistar race with a weight of 200-250 grams were purchased, and were kept in the nest for one week for adaptation, with open (free) access to water, food, and appropriate ventilation, then the rats were divided randomly in five groups. The first group, burn control which were washed daily with physiology serum. The second, third, fourth, and fifth groups were treated after burn with Oak (Jaft) extract, Hypericum Perforatum, a mixture of Oak (Jaft) and Hypericum Perforatum, and silver- sulfadiazine ointment 1% respectively to create second grade burn, the animals were anesthetized with sodium thiopental (40 mg/kg/IP) and were exposed to boiling water in the arranged containers with a hole of 2 square centimeters area for 10 seconds so that the shaved surface of skin was in contact with the boiling water.After 35 days of treatment and after weighing the rats were anesthetized with Sodium thiopental. The specimen of the skin tissue of the injured area were taken and transferred to Formalin 10% solution.After tissue processing, the specimen were moulded, sections of 5 micron were prepared and staining was done with hematoxylin - eosin. Then, the tissue changes were studied using light microscope, and the obtaineddata were analyzed using SPSS software and unilateral variance analysis test.Results: The resultsdon't show statistical difference is in the average burn surface, thickness of epiderm and the rate of malondialdehyde in Oak extract, Hypericum Perforatum and the combination of these two, in comparison to other groups (P<0.05).Conclusion: It is probable that Oak extract and Hypericum Perforatum with their antioxidant properties are able to fortify each other's effects, with more appropriate dosages and repair the injuries of skin and its appends.

/pdf/a-comparison-study-on-the-effects-of-oak-extract-hyper-2c5032x882.pdf

A comparison study on the Effects of Oak Extract, Hyper Perforatum, and silver sulfadiazine 1% on the second grade burn wounds in male

Background: Vitrification is assumed to be a promising method to cryopreserve human oocytes but still needs optimizing. Objective: The aim of this study was to improve the single step and step-wise vitrification effects on maturing mouse GVBD oocytes by ethylene glycol (EG) in conventional straws. Materials and Methods: Oocytes with compact cumulus cells were cultured for 3hr in TCM199 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in 5% CO2 in air. GVBD oocytes were randomly allocated into three groups. (1) Control (non-vitrified group), (2) exposed to single-step vitrification (contained of EG 20%+0.5M sucrose), (3) exposed to step-wise vitrification (2%, 5%, 10%, 20%EG +0.5M sucrose). In vitrification groups,oocytes were thawed and underwent additional 21 hr maturation. Viability of oocytes and maturation to MII stage were analyzed using inverted microscope and additionally by staining of propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342. Results: All non-vitrified oocytes were viable after 24 hr; however, viability of vitrified samples in single-step group was significantly lower than that of the step-wise and control Groups. Also, the maturation rate in the step-wise group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to single-step. Conclusion: These results suggest that step-wise vitrification of GVBD oocytes as compared to single step vitrification was better in the rate of survival and in vitro maturation of oocytes.

/pdf/comparing-the-viability-and-in-vitro-maturation-of-cumulus-1jv9dogfzq.pdf

Comparing the viability and in vitro maturation of cumulus germinal vesicle break down (GVBD) oocyte complexes using two vitrification techniques in mice

Background & aim: Cyclophosphamide, an alkylating agent used in the treatment of cancer that has many side effects on different organs, including the gonads .The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an antioxidant Ellagic acid on cyclophosphamide -induced toxicity in rat fetal ovarian tissue. Methods: Forty two pregnant female Wistar rats weighing 250-200 gr were randomly divided into seven groups.The first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth 5 mg/ kg cyclophosphamide on days 1, 13 and 18 were given intraperitoneal remote pregnancy .The fourth, fifth and sixth groups hour after receiving cyclophosphamide, Ellagic acid (10 mg/kg) has received in the course of pregnancy.Control groups and seven group (normal) during pregnancy daily orally received 0.5 mL of saline. After postpartum, Neonatal rats were anesthetized with ether. Animals were dissects, then Ovaries were removed and transferred to 10% formalin solution. After tissue processing, tissue sections were prepared and H&E stained.Data were analyzed by SPSSsoftware and Oneway ANOVA test. Results: The groups that were exposed to cyclophosphamide ovarian mean of diameter, primordial follicle diameter and number of follicular cell of primordialin control group compared to ellagic acid treatments showed a significant decrease. Conclusion: The results showed that Ellagic acid due to its antioxidant properties could reduce the harmful effects caused by cyclophosphamide in the fetal ovary.

The Protective effect of Ellagic acid on rats’ ovarian fetus toxicity induced by cyclophosphamide

Background and purpose: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anticancer activity of Physalis alkekengi extract encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles on HT29 cell line. Materials and methods: The fruits of the P.alkekengi were collected from Kohgiluyeh Boyerahmad province in south-west of Iran and dried in a dark environment. Then, the hydroalcoholic extract of the plant was extracted by percolation and encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles. The toxicity effect of three samples; chitosan alone, chitosan containing the extract and the extract of P.alkekengi was investigated using MTT assay. Finally, Annxin V/propidium iodide (PI) kit was used to study the apoptotic effect of samples. Results: According to the MTT assay, during 72 hours, the cytotoxicity effect of chitosan nanoparticles of 160 nm containing the extract increased significantly (P< 0.05). Moreover, the apoptosis assay indicated that chitosan nanoparticles containing the extract had more apoptotic effects than the extract alone (71% vs. 43%). Conclusion: P.alkekengi extract encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles had more anticancer activity compared with that of the extract alone.

Cytotoxicity and Apoptotic Effect of Chitosan Nanoparticles Containing Hydroalcoholic Extract of Physalis alkekengi on HT29 Cell Line

The Effect of Pomegranate Seed Oil on the Proliferation of Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB468

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