1. . Introduction: The Basic Thesis and Background PART I: PRIMARY EVIDENCE FOR DEPENDENCE: SEQUENTIAL CORRESPONDENCES AND DATE 2. The Casuistic Laws 3. The Apodictic Laws 4. Date and Opportunity for the Use of Hammurabi's and Other Cuneiform Laws PART II: COMPOSITIONAL LOGIC OF THE COVENANT CODE 5. Debt-Slavery and the Seduction of a Maiden (Exodus 21:2-11 22:15-16) 6. Homicide, Injury, Miscarriage, Talion (Exodus 21:12, 18-27) 7. Child Rebellion, Kidnapping, Sorcery, Bestiality, Illicit Sacrifice (Exodus 21:12-17 22:17-19) 8. The Goring Ox and Negligence (Exodus 21:28-36) 9. Animal Theft, Crop Destruction, Deposit, and Burglary (Exodus 21:37-22:8) 10. Animal Injury, Death, and Rental (Exodus 22:9-14) 11. The Themes and Ideology of the Apodictic Laws (Exodus 20:23-26 21:1 22:20-23:19) 12. Redactional Growth in the Apodictic Laws and the Covenant Code's Relationship to the Exodus Narrative 13. Conclusions BIBLIOGRAPHY

Inventing God's Law: How the Covenant Code of the Bible Used and Revised the Laws of Hammurabi

The epitome of the One Health paradigm-and of its shortcomings-rabies has been known to humankind for at least 4000 years. We review the evolution through history of concepts leading to our current understanding of rabies in dogs and humans and its prevention, as transmitted by accessible and surviving written texts. The tools and concepts currently available to control rabies were developed at the end of the 19th Century, including the first live, attenuated vaccine ever developed for humans and the first post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimen. No progress, however, has been made in etiological treatment, leaving clinicians who provide care to animals or patients with symptomatic rabies as powerless today as their colleagues in Mesopotamia, 40 centuries ago. Rabies remains to date the most lethal infectious disease known to humans. Widespread access to timely, effective, and affordable PEP in rural areas of developing countries is urgently needed.

/pdf/four-thousand-years-of-concepts-relating-to-rabies-in-3wyaingwhu.pdf

Four Thousand Years of Concepts Relating to Rabies in Animals and Humans, Its Prevention and Its Cure

The essay challenges Karl Polanyi's position—that ancient Near Eastern economies knew state and temple administration but not price-making markets. It is found that the prerequisite functions of a market economy listed by Polanyi—the allocation of consumer goods, land, and labor through the supply-demand-price mechanism; risk-bearing organized as a market function; and loan markets—were all present in the ancient Near East. Although Polanyi criticized stage theories with their “predilection for continuity” he imposed his own version of continuity on history in lumping together many thousands of years under the rubric of “archaic society.” This perspective prevented him from recognizing that ancient Mesopotamia experienced lengthy and significant periods of unfettered market activity as well as periods of pervasive state regulation.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2121050.pdf

Karl Polanyi and Markets in the Ancient Near East: The Challenge of the Evidence

Philosophy before the Greeks

In this book Janice Ewurama De-Whyte offers a reading of the Hebrew Bible barrenness narratives. Barrenness was the threat to female honour and the lineage’s continuity. Therefore, the word “wom(b)an” visually underscores the centrality of the productive womb to female identity.

/pdf/wom-b-an-a-cultural-narrative-reading-of-the-hebrew-bible-3xnvcf9l96.pdf

Wom(b)an: A Cultural-Narrative Reading of the Hebrew Bible Barrenness Narratives

The laws of the Old-Babylonian kingdom of Eshnunna (LE) were discovered in 1945 and 1947, on two parallel tablets, during excavations on the outskirts of Baghdad. In 1948 a first edition, with English translation, was published by Professor Albrecht Goetze, of Yale University. Since then the LE have been translated into many languages, major and minor, and a considerable literature has grown up around them. Goetze himself has repeatedly returned to the Laws of Eshnunna. His standard edition of the LE, now in general use by scholars, was published in 1956.Eshnunna, to the east of the river Tigris, flourished during the early second millennium B.C. Much of its history is as yet uncertain. Here it will suffice to note that it finally fell victim to the expansionist policies pursued with success by Hammurabi of Babylon, during the fourth decade of his reign. The date of promulgation of the LE is uncertain, but it is at least agreed that they precede the Code of Hammurabi, though one cannot know by how much. It is then a fair guess that they were issued in the course of the 18th century B.C.; thus they constitute the earliest collection known at present, of legal rules in Akkadian.

The Laws of Eshnunna

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The Laws of Eshnunna