An appropriate cellular response to implanted surfaces is essential for tissue regeneration and integration. It is well described that implanted materials are immediately coated with proteins from blood and interstitial fluids, and it is through this adsorbed layer that cells sense foreign surfaces. Hence, it is the adsorbed proteins, rather than the surface itself, to which cells initially respond. Diverse studies using a range of materials have demonstrated the pivotal role of extracellular adhesion proteins—fibronectin and vitronectin in particular—in cell adhesion, morphology, and migration. These events underlie the subsequent responses required for tissue repair, with the nature of cell surface interactions contributing to survival, growth, and differentiation. The pattern in which adhesion proteins and other bioactive molecules adsorb thus elicits cellular reactions specific to the underlying physicochemical properties of the material. Accordingly, in vitro studies generally demonstrate favorable cell responses to charged, hydrophilic surfaces, corresponding to superior adsorption and bioactivity of adhesion proteins. This review illustrates the mediation of cell responses to biomaterials by adsorbed proteins, in the context of osteoblasts and selected materials used in orthopedic implants and bone tissue engineering. It is recognized, however, that the periimplant environment in vivo will differ substantially from the cell–biomaterial interface in vitro. Hence, one of the key issues yet to be resolved is that of the interface composition actually encountered by osteoblasts within the sequence of inflammation and bone regeneration.

Mediation of biomaterial-cell interactions by adsorbed proteins: A review

Silicon carbide (SiC) has been around for more than 100 years as an industrial material and has found wide and varied applications because of its unique electrical and thermal properties. In recent years there has been increased attention to SiC as a viable material for biomedical applications. Of particular interest in this review is its potential for application as a biotransducer in biosensors. Among these applications are those where SiC is used as a substrate material, taking advantage of its surface chemical, tribological and electrical properties. In addition, its potential for integration as system on a chip and those applications where SiC is used as an active material make it a suitable substrate for micro-device fabrication. This review highlights the critical properties of SiC for application as a biosensor and reviews recent work reported on using SiC as an active or passive material in biotransducers and biosensors.

/pdf/silicon-carbide-a-versatile-material-for-biosensor-2fmshxijpt.pdf

Silicon carbide: a versatile material for biosensor applications

Review on bio-inspired flight systems and bionic aerodynamics

Thin film deposition techniques for polymeric membranes– A review

Microstructures of the materials (e.g., crystallinitiy, defects, and composition, etc.) determine their properties, which eventually lead to their diverse applications. In this contribution, the properties, especially the electrochemical properties, of cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) films have been engineered by controlling their microstructures. By manipulating the deposition conditions, nanocrystalline, microcrystalline and epitaxial (001) 3C-SiC films are obtained with varied properties. The epitaxial 3C-SiC film presents the lowest double-layer capacitance and the highest reversibility of redox probes, because of its perfect (001) orientation and high phase purity. The highest double-layer capacitance and the lowest reversibility of redox probes have been realized on the nanocrystalline 3C-SiC film. Those are ascribed to its high amount of grain boundaries, amorphous phases and large diversity in its crystal size. Based on their diverse properties, the electrochemical performances of 3C-SiC films are evaluated in two kinds of potential applications, namely an electrochemical capacitor using a nanocrystalline film and an electrochemical dopamine sensor using the epitaxial 3C-SiC film. The nanocrystalline 3C-SiC film shows not only a high double layer capacitance (43-70 μF/cm(2)) but also a long-term stability of its capacitance. The epitaxial 3C-SiC film shows a low detection limit toward dopamine, which is one to 2 orders of magnitude lower than its normal concentration in tissue. Therefore, 3C-SiC film is a novel but designable material for different emerging electrochemical applications such as energy storage, biomedical/chemical sensors, environmental pollutant detectors, and so on.

Electrochemical Properties and Applications of Nanocrystalline, Microcrystalline, and Epitaxial Cubic Silicon Carbide Films

There is a growing interest in using technology to provide diagnostics, therapeutics, and measured drug delivery to individuals suffering from a myriad of issues. Many of these biotechnological devices need to interact with the human body indefinitely, and it has therefore become a priority that these devices interact with the body with an increased level of biocompatibility. Biocompatibility is a complex concept which has been redefined many times due to our ever increasing knowledge of human physiology. In essence, it is defined as the ability of a device to function as it was designed while not interacting physiologically in a deleterious manner. Numerous materials have been used to fabricate biotechnological devices but, unfortunately, many have not shown the level of biocompatibility necessary to perform their intended function within an appropriate period of time. In this chapter, we detail two materials that are ideal for long-term biotechnological devices. Silicon carbide has shown superior biocompatibility through international standard based testing, both in vitro and in vivo. This material possesses excellent physical robustness, chemical resistivity, and multiple options for smart devices through its electrical, chemical and optical properties. It is also an ideal surface for which to develop graphene, another important material with superior physical, chemical and electrical properties. We briefly detail some of the biotechnology already developed and used successfully in clinical trials. At the end of the discussion, we report on research being performed on two types of implantable devices: one that will allow continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels for diabetics, and an implantable neural interface system for use in brain machine interfaces (BMI) and therapeutics for diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.

Silicon Carbide Materials for Biomedical Applications

3C-SiC on Si: A Biocompatible Material for Advanced Bioelectronic Devices

Silicon carbide is a semiconductor material with ceramic-like properties and can be formed in amorphous, polycrystalline, and single crystal forms SiC single crystals form various polytypes with hexagonal forms, 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC, grown in bulk form for wafer production, and the only cubic form, 3C-SiC, grown via thin film deposition In this chapter, a review of methods to synthesize all three forms of SiC is presented along with their respective properties which impact their use in biological systems Several challenges exist that make the growth of high quality, single-crystal silicon carbide films difficult Fortunately, SiC’s superior material properties, which make it beneficial for use as a material in biological systems, also appear to be present in the “easier-to-deposit” amorphous and polycrystalline forms Chemical vapor deposition and sputtering has proven to be a powerful deposition technique that is frequently employed when thin films of monocrystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous-SiC are desired Several substrates are available upon which thin SiC films are deposited Commercially produced SiC wafers provide a platform on which SiC films of the same polytype can be grown for electronic junctions, whereas silicon substrates can be patterned or processed with the intent of improving the quality of the SiC thin films or simplifying SiC device fabrication Silicon substrates, thus, provide an interesting low-cost and large area template for SiC thin films with attractive scientific challenges for the researchers’ community The large array of options available for SiC synthesis should prove attractive for device design and fabrication, particularly for SiC bioMEMS

SiC Films and Coatings: Amorphous, Polycrystalline, and Single Crystal Forms

Silicon carbide (SiC) has long been known as a robust semiconductor with superior properties to silicon for electronic applications. The cubic form of SiC, known as 3C-SiC, has been researched for non-electronic applications, such as MEMS and biosensors. In particular, our group has demonstrated that 3C-SiC is one of the few semiconductor materials that possesses both bio- and hemacompatibility, thus opening up a plethora of applications for this material. We have pioneered several biomedical devices using 3C-SiC grown on Si substrates, and recently have been investigating the use of this novel material for both biosensor and neural prosthetic applications. Research to develop suitable biosensors, mainly via surface functionalization of 3C-SiC surfaces, has shown that 3C-SiC can be functionalized in much the same was as Si. We review nearly a decade of activity in 3C-SiC on Si biotechnology, with particular emphasis on the most promising applications: surface functionalization, in-vivo glucose sensing and biomedical implants for connecting the human nervous system to advanced prosthetics.

3C-SiC on Si: A bio- and hemo-compatible material for advanced nano-bio devices

The microfabricated prosthetic device uses local, direct, and wavelength-specific optical stimulation to achieve an action potential from a single or small group of neurons within the central nervous system (CNS). The device is biocompatible, mechanically flexible, and optically transparent. The device can also use integrated electrodes for additional input/output (IO) locations, signal verification, feedback, wireless communication, and characterization of the electrochemically-evoked potential received from the activated neuron. The purpose of the device is to act as a neural interface prosthetic. The prosthetic is designed as the central component of a brain machine interface (BMI).

Optical neuron stimulation prosthetic using silicon carbide

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