人教版高中英语新课程教材中,语言运用（Using Language）是每个单元必不可少的部分,提供了围绕单元中心话题的听、说、读、写的综合性练习,是单元中心话题的延续和升华.如何设计Using Language部分的教学,使自己的教学模式既不落俗套,又能真正体现新课程标准所倡导的教学理念,正是广大一线英语教师一直努力探索的问题.

打磨Using Language,倡导新理念

るもので、もっとも普遍的なのは目撃の有無。 ・ Jakobson (1957:147) : a verbal category ‘which takes into account three events ― a narrated event, a speech, and a narrated speech event’. ・ Boas (1938:133) : ‘while for us definiteness, number, and time are obligatory aspects, we find in another language location near the speaker or somewhere else, source of information ― whether see, heard, or inferred ― as obligatory aspects’.

Evidentiality(證據性)をめぐって

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Subjective Probability The Real Thing

Sentence particles in Cantonese

On the syntax of rhetorical questions: evidence from Cantonese

This paper introduces Cifu, a lexical database for Hong Kong Cantonese (HKC) that offers phonological and orthographic information, frequency measures, and lexical neighborhood information for lexical items in HKC. Cifu is of use for NLP applications and the design and analysis of psycholinguistics experiments on HKC. We elaborate on the characteristics and challenges specific to HKC that were relevant in the design of Cifu. This includes lexical, orthographic and phonological aspects of HKC, word segmentation issues, the place of HKC in written media, and the availability of data. We discuss the measure of Neighborhood Density (ND), highlighting how the analytic nature of Cantonese and its writing system affect that measure. We justify using six different variations of ND, based on the possibility of inserting or deleting phonemes when searching for neighbors and on the choice of data for retrieving frequencies. Statistics about the four genres (written, adult spoken, children spoken and child-directed) within the dataset are discussed. We find that the lexical diversity of the child-directed speech genre is particularly low, compared to a size-matched written corpus. The correlations of word frequencies of different genres are all high, but in generally decrease as word length increases.

https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.375.pdf

Cifu: a Frequency Lexicon of Hong Kong Cantonese.

This work reports on the construction of a corpus of connected spoken Hong Kong Cantonese. The corpus aims at providing an additional resource for the study of modern (Hong Kong) Cantonese and also involves several controlled elicitation tasks which will serve different projects related to the phonology and semantics of Cantonese. The word-segmented corpus offers recordings, phonemic transcription, and Chinese characters transcription. The corpus contains a total of 768 minutes of recordings and transcripts of forty speakers. All the audio material has been aligned at utterance level with the transcriptions, using the ELAN transcription and annotation tool. The controlled elicitation task was based on the design of HCRC MapTask corpus (Anderson et al., 1991), in which participants had to communicate using solely verbal means as eye contact was restricted. In this paper, we outline the design of the maps and their landmarks and the basic segmentation principles of the data and various transcription conventions we adopted. We also compare the contents of Cantomap to those of comparable Cantonese corpora.

CantoMap: a Hong Kong Cantonese MapTask Corpus.

This paper studies the Cantonese sentence final particle tim1 and more generally the semantics of additive particles. The range of meanings conveyed by tim1 appears quite broad, covering both scalar and non-scalar additive readings as well as mirative ones. We argue in favor of separating an additive tim1-particle and a mirative one. Our claims are based on their semantic differences but also on syntactic and acoustic differences. We formalize the meaning of each of these particles using a probabilistic argumentative framework which helps us define the scale with which tim1 associates, namely an argumentative scale which is relative to speaker’s goal in the discourse. In doing so we also contrast the meaning of each particle with similar elements in other languages. We use these descriptions to claim that the mirative reading is the result of a metonymic semantic shift of the additive reading of the particle, and discuss paths of semantic change for additive particles in natural language from a cross-linguistic perspective.

https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/5056/galley/12191/download/

From additivity to mirativity: The Cantonese sentence final particle tim1

This paper deals with the Cantonese morpheme gwai2 ( Open image in new window , lit. ‘ghost’) which, besides its spooky nominal use, also conveys expressive meaning when modifying a wide range of expressions: adjectives, verbs, wh-pronouns, etc. We begin by reviewing the empirical domain of gwai2 and different claims of the literature concerning its dual nature as an intensifier and a mixed-expressive conveying at-issue negation. We discuss both of these claims, showing that gwai2 cannot be treated as an intensifier in the usual sense, and that it does not contribute a truth-conditional negation, but rather a form of denial. We then propose a unified analysis of the morpheme based on the assumption that it indicates a negative attitude of the speaker towards its argument, notably by showing how to derive denials from this negative attitude.

Denials and negative emotions: A unified analysis of the Cantonese expressive Gwai2

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Papers

Cifu: a Frequency Lexicon of Hong Kong Cantonese.

CantoMap: a Hong Kong Cantonese MapTask Corpus.

From additivity to mirativity: The Cantonese sentence final particle tim1

Denials and negative emotions: A unified analysis of the Cantonese expressive Gwai2