https://www.amjmed.com/article/0002-9343(91)90187-3/pdf

Incidence, predictability, and pathogenesis of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy and in most countries, incidence rates are increasing. Although differences in population iodine intake are a determinant of benign thyroid disorders, the role of iodine intake in TC remains uncertain. We review the evidence linking iodine intake and TC from animal studies, ecological studies of iodine intake and differentiated and undifferentiated TC, iodine intake and mortality from TC and occult TC at autopsy, as well as the case–control and cohort studies of TC and intake of seafood and milk products. We perform a new meta-analysis of pooled measures of effect from case–control studies of total iodine intake and TC. Finally, we examine the post-Chernobyl studies linking iodine status and risk of TC after radiation exposure. The available evidence suggests iodine deficiency is a risk factor for TC, particularly for follicular TC and possibly, for anaplastic TC. This conclusion is based on: a) consistent data showing an increase in TC (mainly follicular) in iodine deficient animals; b) a plausible mechanism (chronic TSH stimulation induced by iodine deficiency); c) consistent data from before and after studies of iodine prophylaxis showing a decrease in follicular TC and anaplastic TC; d) the indirect association between changes in iodine intake and TC mortality in the decade from 2000 to 2010; e) the autopsy studies of occult TC showing higher microcarcinoma rates with lower iodine intakes; and f) the case control studies suggesting lower risk of TC with higher total iodine intakes.

/pdf/iodine-intake-as-a-risk-factor-for-thyroid-cancer-a-12pit7n6v9.pdf

Iodine intake as a risk factor for thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review of animal and human studies

Iodide prophylaxis in Poland after the chernobyl reactor accident: Benefits and risks

Papillary thyroid carcinoma : etiology, assessment and therapy

Summary
objective This study was done to assess goitre prevalence, thyroid functional status and cause of residual goitre among school children in the postsalt iodization phase in India

design  A cross-sectional study in which, 14 762 school children in the age group of 6–18 years, from different States and Union territories of India, were evaluated for goitre prevalence, urinary iodine and thiocyanate excretion, functional status of the thyroid as well as serological and cytopathological markers for thyroid autoimmunity

measurements  Urinary iodine (wet ashing method), urinary thiocyanate (colourimetric method), serum thyroxine [in-house radioimmunoassay (RIA)], serum TSH (IRMA), antithyroid microsomal and antithyroglobulin antibodies (haemagglutination method) were estimated Fine-needle aspiration cytology was performed in all goitrous subjects giving consent

results  The overall goitre prevalence was 23% (27·1% girls; 17·8% boys, P < 0·001) Subjects belonging to poor socio-economic strata had significantly higher goitre prevalence Median urinary iodine excretion (UIE) in goitrous subjects (2·53 µmol/l) was significantly higher than in controls (2·24 µmol/l; P < 0·001) Levels of UIE observed among goitrous subjects showed no relationship with the presence or absence of thyroid dysfunction or with thyroid antibody status High titres (≥ 1 : 1600) of TMA were present more often in goitrous subjects (6·08%) than nongoitrous controls (0·34%; P < 0·001) and in girls (7·3%) than boys (2·35%; P < 0·001) TMA positivity were significantly more among goitrous subjects with thyroid dysfunction than in euthyroid subjects Significantly higher median urinary thiocyanate (USCN) excretion was observed in goitrous subjects (0·75 mg/dl) compared to controls (0·64 mg/dl; P < 0·001) and goitrous girls compared to goitrous boys USCN excretion of goitrous subjects and controls showed no relationship with functional or thyroid antibody status in various groups

conclusions  Persistent, albeit reduced prevalence of goitre, despite adequate iodine prophylaxis, suggests existence of additional factors in goitrogenesis in India Thyroid autoimmunity can explain only a part of the goitre prevalence The role of goitrogens in residual goitre prevalence is brought forth

Residual goitre in the postiodization phase: iodine status, thiocyanate exposure and autoimmunity

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Thyroid disorders associated with iodine deficiency and excess

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Thyroid disorders associated with iodine deficiency and excess