This study presents findings from a systematic review of evaluations of family planning interventions published between 1995 and 2008. Studies that used an experimental or quasi-experimental design or used another approach to attribute program exposure to observed changes in fertility or family planning outcomes at the individual or population levels were included and ranked by strength of evidence. A total of 63 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings from this review are summarized in tabular format by the type of intervention (classified as supply-side or demand-side). About two-thirds of the studies found were evaluations of programs focusing on demand generation. Findings from all programs revealed significant improvements in knowledge, attitudes, discussion, and intentions. Program impacts on use of contraceptives and use of family planning services were less consistently found, and fewer than half of the studies that measured fertility or pregnancy-related outcomes found an impact. Based on the review findings, we identify promising programmatic approaches and propose directions for future evaluation research of family planning interventions.

/pdf/what-works-in-family-planning-interventions-a-systematic-52lj1mhjc4.pdf

What works in family planning interventions: a systematic review.

This report provides updated information on the status of implementing the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and subsequent relevant World Health Assembly resolutions (“the Code”) in and by countries. It presents the legal status of the Code including -- where such information is available -- to what extent Code provisions have been incorporated in national legal measures. The report also provides information on the efforts made by countries to monitor and enforce the Code through the establishment of formal mechanisms. Its findings and subsequent recommendations aim to improve the understanding of how countries are implementing the Code what challenges they face in doing so and where the focus must be on further efforts to assist them in more effective Code implementation.

Marketing of breast-milk substitutes: National implementation of the international code. Status report 2016.

Social marketing is a commonly used strategy in global health. Social marketing programmes may sell subsidized products through commercial sector outlets, distribute appropriately priced products, deliver health services through social franchises and promote behaviours not dependent upon a product or service. We aimed to review evidence of the effectiveness of social marketing in low- and middle-income countries, focusing on major areas of investment in global health: HIV, reproductive health, child survival, malaria and tuberculosis. We searched PubMed, PsycInfo and ProQuest, using search terms linking social marketing and health outcomes for studies published from 1995 to 2013. Eligible studies used experimental or quasi-experimental designs to measure outcomes of behavioural factors, health behaviours and/or health outcomes in each health area. Studies were analysed by effect estimates and for application of social marketing benchmark criteria. After reviewing 18 974 records, 125 studies met inclusion criteria. Across health areas, 81 studies reported on changes in behavioural factors, 97 studies reported on changes in behaviour and 42 studies reported on health outcomes. The greatest number of studies focused on HIV outcomes (n ¼ 45) and took place in subSaharan Africa (n ¼ 67). Most studies used quasi-experimental designs and reported mixed results. Child survival had proportionately the greatest number of studies using experimental designs, reporting health outcomes, and reporting positive, statistically significant results. Most programmes used a range of methods to promote behaviour change. Programmes with positive, statistically significant findings were more likely to apply audience insights and cost-benefit analyses to motivate behaviour change. Key evidence gaps were found in voluntary medical male circumcision and childhood pneumonia. Social marketing can influence health behaviours and health outcomes in global health; however evaluations assessing health outcomes remain comparatively limited. Global health investments are needed to (i) fill evidence gaps, (ii) strengthen evaluation rigour and (iii) expand effective social marketing approaches.

The effectiveness of social marketing in global health: a systematic review.

/pdf/attitudes-toward-family-planning-and-reasons-for-nonuse-42j5nbmwav.pdf

Attitudes toward Family Planning and Reasons for Nonuse among Women with Unmet Need for Family Planning in Ethiopia

This paper presents the results of a 2001 sample survey and uses an ideation model to identify the factors affecting primary sexual abstinence and condom use among Rwandan youth. The findings showed that urban residence and age negatively influence primary sexual abstinence and positively affect condom use. Living within the same household as the father tends to protect girls from early sexual experimentation but has no noticeable effect on boys. Moslems are considerably less likely than Christians to report primary sexual abstinence. The use of alcohol tends to be negatively associated with sexual abstinence. The ideational factors that are significant for primary sexual abstinence are perceptions about the sexual behaviours of peers, perceived self-efficacy to refuse sex with someone truly loved, perceived self-efficacy to refuse sex with someone known for more than three months, self-esteem and attitudes toward premarital sex. As for condom use, the ideational variables with significant independent effects on the behavior are: discussion of HIV/AIDS with sexual partner, and to a lesser extent, the perceived self-efficacy to use condoms, and discussion of condom use with the sex partner. The programmatic and policy implications of the results are discussed.

The correlates of safe sex practices among Rwandan youth: a positive deviance approach

Sub-Saharan Africa has a considerable unmet need for contraception. In 1998-99 the Gold Circle campaign--a regional initiative to promote and improve family planning (FP) service delivery sites--was launched in Cameroon. During the last quarter of 1999 571 women who had been interviewed during the 1998 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey were reinterviewed regarding their exposure to the Gold Circle campaign and their perceptions on and use of contraceptives. The impact of the campaign was evaluated by assessing the panel data and by using an ideation model of behavior change. In addition service statistics from Gold Circle and non-Gold Circle FP delivery sites were contrasted to assess the effects of the campaign on clinic performance. More than one-third of the women surveyed reported exposure to the Gold Circle campaign 52% of whom mentioned being exposed to the campaign through television. Those with primary and or postprimary education were four and six times as likely respectively as those with no education to have been exposed to the campaign. Exposure was associated with a significant increase in the level of FP ideation as well as with an increased likelihood of using a modern contraceptive method (80%). The service statistics indicate that the campaign led to a significant increase in the demand for FP services at Gold Circle clinics with the number of new clients more than doubling immediately after the campaign launch. The Gold Circle campaign had appreciable success in promoting FP in Cameroon. The campaign had a considerable positive influence on both FP ideation and contraceptive use. (authors)

The impact of a regional family planning service promotion initiative in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from Cameroon.

ISHS IV All Africa Horticultural Congress - AAHC2021: Transformative Innovations in Horticulture Promotion of Moringa products via an inclusive value chain for economic, social and environmental impacts in Africa 

Promotion of Moringa products via an inclusive value chain for economic, social and environmental impacts in Africa

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The impact of a regional family planning service promotion initiative in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from Cameroon.

Promotion of Moringa products via an inclusive value chain for economic, social and environmental impacts in Africa