Uncertain price rise and rapid depletion of fossil fuels accelerated the development of renewable energy sources in the form of alternative power sources. Solar is an abundant, renewable and sustainable energy source that attracted many eminent researchers across the world to work in the field of solar energy applications. In developing countries, solar drying is capable of fulfilling the increasing demand of healthy, low cost natural foods and need for sustainable income. Solar dryers used for agricultural product drying can be proved to be most useful device from energy conservation point of view that not only save energy but also saves a lot of time, occupying less area, improves product quality and personnel life style. A solar crop drying system does not solely depends on solar energy for its functioning besides many recent advancements in drying process which combines other form of auxiliary heating source with sun energy are also in recent trends for reducing fuel consumption. In this paper, a review of various types of solar dryers namely, direct solar dryers, indirect solar dryers, hybrid solar dryers and their various drying applications are represented.

Progress in solar dryers for drying various commodities

This paper presents a comprehensive review of thin-layer drying-curve models available in the literature and their comparisons for single-layer drying applications from 2003 to 2013. In this regard, a total of 67 models are selected and classified under 28 performance assessment criteria for comparison purposes. These models are then evaluated by considering the following parameters: (1) product type; (2) pretreatment type; (3) drying parameters, such as temperature, air velocity, layer thickness, microwave power levels, amount of solar radiation, vacum pressure, frequency of sound wave, excitation amplitude, relative humidity, bed depth, product shape, pH, salt content, absolute pressure, etc.; and (4) drying method employed. Furthermore, the best models obtained are employed for product drying applications and compared for different drying methods, drying parameters, and dried products.

/pdf/a-review-on-thin-layer-drying-curve-equations-1gp28nd6h0.pdf

A Review on Thin-Layer Drying-Curve Equations

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1080885.pdf

Drying kinetics of whole and sliced turmeric rhizomes (Curcuma longa L.) in a solar conduction dryer

Drying of food is perhaps the oldest method of food preservation Conventional drying technologies have now been used on commercial scale for drying numerous food products Different methods of drying are associated with advantages and limitations Natural and artificial methods have been employed to preserve valuable commodities The major concern with drying using artificial dryer is that it is energy intensive even though drying time is shorter as compared to the natural method of drying Drying kinetics has been studied to predict drying time and conditions for several food products The review aims at displaying evolution of these techniques and critically reviewing the challenges and opportunities for drying of foods

/pdf/recent-advances-in-conventional-drying-of-foods-49w5b9ufc7.pdf

Recent advances in conventional drying of foods

In this paper, a natural convection indirect solar cabinet dryer has been fabricated to study the drying behaviour of ginger rhizomes in terms of its convective heat transfer coefficient and moisture removing rate (% db). Various experiments were conducted during the months of March and April 2014 at Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar (295’5’’N, 7545’55’’E), India. Experimental data obtained were used to evaluate the Nusselt number constants using linear regression method. Considering these constants, the average value of convective heat transfer coefficient was obtained and observed to decrease with increase in mass of ginger samples and progression of drying days with variation from 0.59 to 5.42 W/m C for different mass of ginger samples. The moisture removing rate was reported to increase with increase in mass of ginger samples and decreases significantly with the progression of drying days. The average collector efficiency was also observed to vary from 14.97 to 16.14% under increasing and decreasing trends of solar radiations from morning to noon and noon to evening respectively. Modified page model was reported best for describing the drying behaviour of different mass of ginger samples. The experimental error in terms of percent uncertainty ranged from 29.19 to 46.25%.

/pdf/analysis-of-ginger-drying-inside-a-natural-convection-2bdteu806b.pdf

Analysis of ginger drying inside a natural convection indirect solar dryer: An experimental study

A forced convective cabinet dryer is used to study the hot air drying characteristics of sliced ginger placed in a single layer. Ginger is dried from initial moisture content of 87-88% (w.b.) to the final moisture content of 6-7% (w.b.). Experiments are carried out with four different drying air temperatures of 45, 50, 55 and 60°C by keeping the air velocity fixed at 1.3 m/s. The moisture removal rate is found to increase with increase in temperature and drying process occurred at falling rate period for all the temperatures studied. A non-linear regression analysis is conducted to investigate the accuracy of prediction of ten selected thin layer drying models. From the statistical analysis, a best fit curve is obtained which gives better agreement to the experimental drying data. Further, the thermal conductivity of ginger is determined experimentally and a mathematical expression of thermal conductivity as a function of moisture content has been established, which can predict the experimental data within 1.5% accuracy.

Evaluation of Air Drying Characteristics of Sliced Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in a Forced Convective Cabinet Dryer and Thermal Conductivity Measurement

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Evaluation of Air Drying Characteristics of Sliced Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in a Forced Convective Cabinet Dryer and Thermal Conductivity Measurement