https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA157550.pdf

The TRACE model of speech perception.

Preface Similarity and analogical reasoning: a synthesis Stella Vosniadou and Andrew Ortony Part I. Similarity and the Structure of Concepts: 1. Similarity, typicality, and categorization Lance J. Rips 2. Similarity and decision making Edward E. Smith and Daniel N. Osherson 3. Intraconcept similarity and its implications for interconcept similarity Lawrence W. Barsalou 4. Two-tiered concept meaning, inferential matching, and conceptual cohesiveness Ryszard S. Michalski 5. From global similarities to kinds of similarities: the construction of dimensions in development Linda B. Smith 6. Comments on Part I. Psychological essentialism Douglas Medin and Andrew Ortony Part II. Analogical Reasoning: 7. The mechanisms of analogical learning Dedre Genter 8. A computational model of analogical problem solving Keith J. Holyoak and Paul R. Thagard 9. Use of analogy in production system architecture John R. Anderson and Ross Thompson 10. Toward a microstructural account of human reasoning David E. Rumelhart 11. Analogy and the exercise of creativity Philip N. Johnson-Laird 12. Comments on Part II. Levels of description in information-processing theories of analogy Stephen E. Palmer 13. Comments on Part II. The role of explanation in analogy or, the curse of an alluring name Gerald Dejong Part III. Similarity and Analogy in Development, Learning and Instruction: 14. Analogical learning and transfer: what develops? Ann L. Brown 15. Analogical reasoning as a mechanism in knowledge acquisition: a developmental perspective Stella Vosniadou 16. Remindings in learning and instruction Brian H. Ross 17. New approaches to instruction: because wisdom can't be told John D. Bransford, Jeffery J. Franks, Nancy J. Vye and Robert Sherwood 18. Multiple analogies for complex concepts: antidotes for analogy-induced misconception in advanced knowledge acquisition Rand J. Spiro, Paul J. Feltovich, Richard L. Coulson and Daniel K. Anderson 19. Comments on Part III. The activation and acquisition of knowledge William F. Brewer Afterword Allan Collins and Mark Burstein Name index Subject index.

http://old.nbu.bg/cogs/personal/kokinov/COG501/SimilarityandAnalogicalReasoning.pdf

Similarity and analogical reasoning

The reviewing of object files: object-specific integration of information.

The Hearsay-II system, developed during the DARPA-sponsored five-year speech-understanding research program, represents both a specific solution to the speech-understanding problem and a general framework for coordinating independent processes to achieve cooperative problem-solving behavior. As a computational problem, speech understanding reflects a large number of intrinsically interesting issues. Spoken sounds are achieved by a long chain of successive transformations, from intentions, through semantic and syntactic structuring, to the eventually resulting audible acoustic waves. As a consequence, interpreting speech means effectively inverting these transformations to recover the speaker's intention from the sound. At each step in the interpretive process, ambiguity and uncertainty arise.

The Hearsay-II problem-solving framework reconstructs an intention from hypothetical interpretations formulated at various levels of abstraction. In addition, it allocates limited processing resources first to the most promising incremental actions. The final configuration of the Hearsay-II system comprises problem-solving components to generate and evaluate speech hypotheses, and a focus-of-control mechanism to identify potential actions of greatest value. Many of these specific procedures reveal novel approaches to speech problems. Most important, the system successfully integrates and coordinates all of these independent activities to resolve uncertainty and control combinatorics. Several adaptations of the Hearsay-II framework have already been undertaken in other problem domains, and it is anticipated that this trend will continue; many future systems necessarily will integrate diverse sources of knowledge to solve complex problems cooperatively.

Discussed in this paper are the characteristics of the speech problem in particular, the special kinds of problem-solving uncertainty in that domain, the structure of the Hearsay-II system developed to cope with that uncertainty, and the relationship between Hearsay-II's structure and those of other speech-understanding systems. The paper is intended for the general computer science audience and presupposes no speech or artificial intelligence background.

/pdf/the-hearsay-ii-speech-understanding-system-integrating-4upd3ocgip.pdf

The Hearsay-II Speech-Understanding System: Integrating Knowledge to Resolve Uncertainty

Most artificial intelligence research investigates intelligent behavior for a single agent--solving problems heuristically, understanding natural language, and so on. Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) is concerned with coordinated intelligent behavior: intelligent agents coordinating their knowledge, skills, and plans to act or solve problems, working toward a single goal, or toward separate, individual goals that interact. DAI provides intellectual insights about organization, interaction, and problem solving among intelligent agents. This comprehensive collection of articles shows the breadth and depth of DAI research. The selected information is relevant to emerging DAI technologies as well as to practical problems in artificial intelligence, distributed computing systems, and human-computer interaction. 

"Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence" proposes a framework for understanding the problems and possibilities of DAI. It divides the study into three realms: the natural systems approach (emulating strategies and representations people use to coordinate their activities), the engineering/science perspective (building automated, coordinated problem solvers for specific applications), and a third, hybrid approach that is useful in analyzing and developing mixed collections of machines and human agents working together. 

The editors introduce the volume with an important survey of the motivations, research, and results of work in DAI. This historical and conceptual overview combines with chapter introductions to guide the reader through this fascinating field. A unique and extensive bibliography is also provided.

Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence

This paper describes the structure and operation of the Hearsay-I1speech understanding system by the use of a specific example illustrating the various stages of recognition. The system consists of a set of cooperating independent processes, each representing a source of knowledge. The knowledge is used either to predict what may appear in a given context or to verify hypotheses resulting from a prediction. The structure of the system is illustrated by considering its operation in a particular task situation: Voice-Chess. The representation and use of various sources of knowledge are outlined. Preliminary results of the reduction in search resulting from the use of various sources of knowledge are given.

The Hearsay-I Speech Understanding System: An Example of the Recognition Process

This paper considers various factors affecting system em organization for speech understanding research. The structure of the Hearsay system based on a set of cooperating, independent processes using the hypothesize-and-test paradigm is presented. Design considerations for the effective use of multiprocessor and network achitectures in speech understanding systems ems are presented: control of processes, interprocess communication and data sharing, resource allocation, and debugging are discussed.1

System Organizations for Speech Understanding: Implications of Network and Multiprocessor Computer Architectures for AI

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Reddy

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

The Hearsay-I Speech Understanding System: An Example of the Recognition Process

System Organizations for Speech Understanding: Implications of Network and Multiprocessor Computer Architectures for AI