Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a cytotoxic, cell cycle, non-specific, and antiproliferative drug. This study aimed to address the toxic effects of CP on male fertility and the possible ameliorative role of hesperidin (HSP). Thirty-two adult albino rats were randomly divided into four groups, namely, the negative control, HSP, CP-treated, and CP+HSP-treated groups. The CP-treated rats showed a significant reduction in the levels of serum LH, FSH, testosterone, prolactin, testicular glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) with an elevation in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and p53, and iNOS immune expression, compared to the control group. A significant downregulation in hypothalamic KISS-1, KISS-1r, and GnRH, hypophyseal GnRHr, and testicular mRNA expression of steroidogenesis enzymes, PGC-1α, PPAR-1, IL10, and GLP-1, as well as a significant upregulation in testicular mRNA of P53 and IL1β mRNA expression, were detected in the CP-treated group in comparison to that in the control group. The administration of HSP in CP-treated rats significantly improved the levels of serum LH, FSH, testosterone, prolactin, testicular GPx, and TAC, with a reduction in levels of MDA, and p53, and iNOS immune expression compared to the CP-treated group. A significant upregulation in hypophyseal GnRHr, and testicular mRNA expression of CYP19A1 enzymes, PPAR-1, IL10, and GLP-1, as well as a significant downregulation in testicular mRNA of P53 and IL1β mRNA expression, were detected in the CP+HSP-treated group in comparison to that in the CP-treated group. In conclusion, HSP could be a potential auxiliary agent for protection from the development of male infertility.

/pdf/hesperidin-mitigates-cyclophosphamide-induced-testicular-3j6vxbv0.pdf

Hesperidin Mitigates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Testicular Dysfunction via Altering the Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis and Testicular Steroidogenesis, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Male Rats

http://jcri.net/eJournals/ShowText.aspx?ID=263&Type=FREE&TYP=TOP&IN=&IID=30&Value=1&isPDF=YES

Morphometric assessment of mental foramen for gender prediction using panoramic radiographs in the West Bengal population – A retrospective digital study

The analysis of body fluids for drugs takes place in two distinctly different environments: the medical model and the penalty model. In the former, and in the context of patient care, the physician requests the test and the patient is both fully co-operative with the sample collectors and highly motivated to provide the ideal sample. In the latter case, the request usually comes from a non-medical authority and it may not be in the best interest ofthe individual to submit a valid sample. In the medical model the information obtained from the test is used to assist the physician in the care and management of the patient. In contrast, in the penalty model the results are used to impose some penalty to the individual. This fundamental difference, together with legal imperatives, has broad implications for the overall design and implementation of a drug testing programme.

Testing urine for drugs.

Background: The distance from the inferior border of mental foramen (MF) to lower border of mandible remains constant throughout the life. Considering this fact the present study was carried out to determine role of MF in age and gender estimation and also its importance in planning various treatments. Aims and Objective: (1) To determine the most common type and shape of MF 2) To measure the height of the mandibular body (H), the distance between the superior margin of the MF to the alveolar crest (SM-AC), the distance between the superior margin of the MF to the inferior border of the mandible (SM-IB), the distance between the inferior margin of the MF to the inferior border (IM-IB) on the right side and left side. (3) To compare the above measurements for age and gender determination. (4) To determine effect of various factors on above measurements (5) to evaluate whether any significant difference in measurement occurs on right and left side. (6) To derive a regression equation for age estimation. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 Orthopantomogram were studied. Measurements such as H, SM-AC, SM-IB and IM-IB were carried out on both sides on type II MF in males and females in all the six age groups. Statistical analysis was carried using IBM SPSS version 24 to determine differences in measurements and linear regression analysis was carried out to determine age of individuals. Result: The most common appearance of MF was type II and shape was oval. Statistically significant differences occurred in measurements using which regressive equation for age estimation was derived for males & females. Conclusion: MF, being a stable landmark in mandible, serves as a good indicator for the determination of age and gender. Hence, using certain measurements related to MF, it can help in determining the age of the individual. Further, its position and distance from the alveolar crest serve as a guide for orthognathic surgeries, implant placement, and pre-prosthetic surgery.

Mental foramen: A predictor of age and gender and guide for various procedures

Kidneys are one of the most important organs in the human body. In addition to filtering 200 liters of fluid every 24 hours, the kidney also regulates acid-base balance, maintains electrolyte balance, and removes waste and toxicants from the body. Nephrotoxicity is the term used to describe the deterioration of kidney function caused by the harmful effects of medications and chemicals found in the environment. Exposure to environmental toxicants is an inevitable side effect of the world's increasing industrialization and it is even more prevalent in underdeveloped nations. Growing data over the past few years has illuminated the probable connection between environmental toxicants and nephrotoxicity. Phthalates, microplastics, acrylamide and bisphenol A are environmental toxicants of particular concern, which are known to have nephrotoxic effects. Several nephrotoxicants may accumulate in the kidneys of humans after being consumed, inhaled, or come into contact with the skin. Small-sized nephrotoxicants can cause a variety of ailments including inflammation with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and apoptosis. They can enter cells through endocytosis and accumulate in the cytoplasm. This study uncovers the potential for new insights concerning the relationship between various environmental toxicants and kidney health. The objectives of this review is to establish information gaps, assess and identify the toxicity mechanisms of different nephrotoxicants, identify innovative pharmacological therapies that demonstrate promising therapeutic benefits and relevance, and discuss the predictions for the future based on the analysis of the literature. 

Environmental Toxicants and Nephrotoxicity: Implications on Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies.

Introduction: Acute toxicity management is a major medical problem in the whole world as poisoning is one of the most common causes for coming to hospital emergency departments. Early diagnosis and treatment in emergency department and ICU are critical for the poisoned patient to reduce hospital morbidity and mortality.
Objective: Evaluation of the validity of coma scaling systems as Glasgow coma scale (GCS), Reed scale, poisoning severity score (PSS), modified acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) score (MAS) and vital signs as predictors of clinical course and outcome of acutely poisoned patients.
Patients and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out on 100 acutely intoxicated patients. They were selected from patients attended Sohag University Hospitals with age more than 18 years old who were in need for intermediate or intensive care unit. The study was conducted during the period from March 2018 to the end of February 2021. Results: this study revealed that 62% of the patients were in the age group 18-30 years old and 63% were females. The majority of them intoxicated by oral route (91%) and most of them were suicidal (68%). For the outcome, 75% of patients had been survived and 25% of patients died. PSS, Reed, MAS and GCS as coma scaling scores at admission showed significant difference between survivors and non-survivors of these patients. Systole and diastole as parameters of vital signs also showed significant difference between survivors and non-survivors. While, pulse, temperature and respiratory rate showed non-significant difference between survivors and non-survivors.
Conclusion: The study concluded that PSS, Reed scale, MAS, GCS, diastole and systole respectively are valid prognostic tools for the outcome in acutely poisoned patients.

https://ejhm.journals.ekb.eg/article_189851_6fa98b555947f8209c53b7e710e6620c.pdf

Validity of Vital Signs, Coma Scales and Modified APACHE Score in Prediction of Prognosis and Outcome of Acutely Poisoned Patients

Introduction: A growing concern over the use of illicit drugs in the work place has led to an interest in urine analysis as a way to detect drug abuse. Sample adulteration is a serious potential problem in forensic urine drug testing. Federal guidelines define an adulterated specimen as a urine specimen containing a substance that is not a normal constituent or containing an endogenous substance at a concentration that is not a normal physiologic concentration. Adulterants act by either interfering with immunoassay procedures or by converting the target drugs to other compounds. Once the adulterants are converted to other compounds they do not bind to the antibodies used in immunoassay. In some cases these converted compound produce false negative results in confirmatory testing. Adulterants can be classified into two categories. The first category includes in vivo adulteration comprising intentional ingestion of fluids, substances or drugs designed to dilute urine. The second category includes in vitro adulteration such as common household chemicals and nitrite containing agents. Methods of detection of urine adulterants include urine integrity tests, color tests and spectrophotometric methods.

https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_102277_b519abbf4a5762c5cda41c5351c49107.pdf

Review on The Effects of Adulterants on Drugabuse Testing in Urine Samples

Identification of human skeletal remains is an important step during mass disasters, from decayed and damaged dead bodies. In forensic investigations and in medicolegal cases, identification of sex is an important aspect, followed by age determination. Skeletal components most often investigated for gender determination are pelvis and skull with mandible being a practical element to analyse sexual dimorphism in fragmented bones. Mandible is the largest, strongest and movable part of skull. The present study was designed to compare between mandibular ramus measurements and mental foramen relations on both sides to determine sex through digital panoramic radiography. The present study included 150 adult patients 75 were males and 75 were females. The present study revealed that, there was no significant difference between right and left sides regarding all measured mandibular and mental foramen parameters in both males and females. There was significant statistical increase in the mean values of all measured mandibular and mental foramen parameters in males as compared with females except right and left Min.R.Br . While there was no significant statistical difference between males and females. The mean values of right and left Condylar.R.Ht and SM-IB were the most correct predictors of both genders.

https://ejfsat.journals.ekb.eg/article_156206_13fbdedf06cdff9eb3c11f6c379bb78d.pdf

Determination of sex from various measurements of mandibular ramus and mental foramen relations using digital panoramic imaging in a sample of Sohag governorate population.

Pattern and Outcome of Acute Aluminium Phosphide Intoxicated Cases at Sohag University Hospitals: Special Consideration to Paraffin Oil as a Supportive Treatment

Personal identification of unknown human remains is one of the most important roles in any forensic investigation. Sex identification can be determined either from their anthropometry or Objectives: The present work was performed to investigate the probability of determination of sex from various sternal measurements through Multidetector Computed Tomography imaging. Methodology: The present work included 100 adult participants attended Sohag University Hospitals during the period from January 2020 to December 2020, 50 were males, and 50 were females who performed chest Computed Tomography (C.T. ). Results: A significant statistical increase in the mean values of all sternal measurements in males as compared to females except sternal index. The correct percentage of sex prediction was 88% in males and 92% in females and 90% of overall sex percent. For each measurement, determination of the cut-off value between sensitivity and specificity showed that sternal body length and combined length were the most specific and sensitive with accuracy 100% to discriminate between both genders. Conclusion: Multidetector Computed Tomography imaging revealed that the sternal body length and combined length were the best discriminate variables between genders with overall accuracy of 100% both females and males.

Determination of Gender from Sternal Measurements Using Computed Tomography Imaging in a Sample of Sohag Governorate Population.

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