(1) Background: Loss of weight is one of the practices which have been identified as key in reducing the risk of various forms of cancer. Therefore, this study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies related to the topic of loss of weight and risk of cancer and addresses the question, &amp;lsquo;does losing weight reduce the risk of cancer?&amp;rsquo; Its purpose is to identify current high-quality evidence on such a question and synthesize such evidence before summarizing it given specific data attributes to improve decision-making processes on cancer management. (2) Methods: Research studies were identified from four main databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Google scholar, and Medline. A systematic review and meta-analysis of such studies were then conducted to reveal the most current evidence on the research topic. (3) Results: The studies showed that losing weight reduces cancer risk. Nonetheless, such intervention is not necessarily effective, especially in cases where patients may be at risk of developing cancer due to other risk factors. (4) Conclusions: The current study concludes that there is a need to implement effective interventions such as physical exercise, dietary restrictions, or both that can be effective in reducing weight to reduce the risk of cancer. 

Does Losing Weight Lower the Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2023.01.012

Pathophysiology of obesity and its associated diseases

The circadian rhythm is an evolutionarily conserved time-keeping system that comprises a wide variety of processes including sleep-wake cycles, eating-fasting cycles, and activity-rest cycles, coordinating the behavior and physiology of all organs for whole-body homeostasis. Acute disruption of circadian rhythm may lead to transient discomfort, whereas long-term irregular circadian rhythm will result in the dysfunction of the organism, therefore increasing the risks of numerous diseases especially cancers. Indeed, both epidemiological and experimental evidence has demonstrated the intrinsic link between dysregulated circadian rhythm and cancer. Accordingly, a rapidly increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms of circadian rhythms is opening new options for cancer therapy, possibly by modulating the circadian clock. In this review, we first describe the general regulators of circadian rhythms and their functions on cancer. In addition, we provide insights into the mechanisms underlying how several types of disruption of the circadian rhythm (including sleep-wake, eating-fasting, and activity-rest) can drive cancer progression, which may expand our understanding of cancer development from the clock perspective. Moreover, we also summarize the potential applications of modulating circadian rhythms for cancer treatment, which may provide an optional therapeutic strategy for cancer patients. 

/pdf/circadian-rhythms-and-cancers-the-intrinsic-links-and-viojtkvy.pdf

Circadian rhythms and cancers: the intrinsic links and therapeutic potentials

Overweight and obese men with prostate cancer are at an increased risk of disease recurrence, exacerbated treatment-related adverse effects, development of obesity-related comorbidities, earlier progression and development of metastatic disease, and higher all-cause and prostate cancer-specific mortality. The physiological mechanisms associating obesity with poor prostate cancer outcomes remain largely unknown; however, an increased inflammatory environment and metabolic irregularities associated with excess fat mass are commonly postulated. Although research is limited, fat loss strategies using exercise and nutrition programmes may slow down prostate cancer progression and improve a patient's prognosis. This review is an overview of: 1) the association between obesity and poor prostate cancer prognosis; 2) potential physiological mechanisms linking obesity and prostate cancer progression; 3) the effect of obesity on treatments for prostate cancer; and 4) the potential for weight loss strategies to improve outcomes in patients with prostate cancer.

Obesity and prostate cancer: a narrative review.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently occurring type of malignant tumor and a leading cause of oncological death in men. PCa is very heterogeneous in terms of grade, phenotypes, and genetics, displaying complex features. This tumor often has indolent growth, not compromising the patient’s quality of life, while its more aggressive forms can manifest rapid growth with progression to adjacent organs and spread to lymph nodes and bones. Nevertheless, the overtreatment of PCa patients leads to important physical, mental, and economic burdens, which can be avoided with careful monitoring. Early detection, even in the cases of locally advanced and metastatic tumors, provides a higher chance of cure, and patients can thus go through less aggressive treatments with fewer side effects. Furthermore, it is important to offer knowledge about how modifiable risk factors can be an effective method for reducing cancer risk. Innovations in PCa diagnostics and therapy are still required to overcome some of the limitations of the current screening techniques, in terms of specificity and sensitivity. In this context, this review provides a brief overview of PCa statistics, reporting its incidence and mortality rates worldwide, risk factors, and emerging screening strategies.

/pdf/underlying-features-of-prostate-cancer-statistics-risk-3rqzb00y.pdf

Underlying Features of Prostate Cancer—Statistics, Risk Factors, and Emerging Methods for Its Diagnosis

While exercise elicits multiple health benefits including physical fitness and quality of life in cancer survivors, exercise adherence remains to be a challenge for this population. A large percentage of cancer survivors are not sufficiently active, roughly 10-30% not meeting recommended guidelines. Identifying exercise barriers specific to cancer populations may help lead to improved intervention design that will maximize adherence and study specific outcomes. PURPOSE: The purpose of this sub-analysis was to assess barriers to being active experienced among survivors of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers prior to enrolling in a circuit, interval-based aerobic and resistance exercise intervention. METHODS: Survivors of breast (n = 38), prostate (n = 24), and colorectal (n = 28) cancer who were overweight or obese (BMI > 25.0 kg/m2). Patient-reported outcomes of barriers to being active were obtained using the Center for Disease Control Barriers to Being Active Survey. Seven categories were assessed through a 21-item questionnaire with a Likert scale ranging from 0 (very unlikely) to 3 (very likely). A score of five or above in a given category denotes an important barrier to overcome. RESULTS: Participants were 63.2 ± 10.8 years old, overweight/obese (87%), and had completed chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both treatments combined (75%). Survey completion was 100%. Mean data for each category included 9.0 ± 0.5- lack of time, 7.0 ± 0.2- social influence, 8.0 ± 0.2- lack of energy, 9.0 ± 0.5- lack of willpower, 5.0 ± 0.1- fear of injury, 4.0 ± 0.1- lack of skill, and 9.0 ± 0.5- lack of resources. CONCLUSION: Major barriers among breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer survivors primarily focus on lack of time, lack of willpower, and lack of resources. Out of seven categories only ‘fear of injury’ did not rank as an important barrier, suggesting that barriers to physical activity is a multifaceted problem. Exercise oncology research should tailor study intervention design to best address these barriers. Effective support can lead to improvements in future study patient adherence and potentially study outcomes. 

Barriers To Exercise Among Breast, Prostate, And Colorectal Cancer Survivors

During the COVID-19 pandemic, new challenges are presented in clinical research settings to increase exercise levels, particularly in vulnerable populations such as cancer survivors. While in-person supervised exercise is an effective format to improve patient-reported outcomes and physical function for cancer survivors, the COVID-19 pandemic limited this form of exercise as a feasible option within research and cancer care. As such, exercise oncology interventions were adapted to home-based instruction. In this review, we examine the current evidence of exercise interventions in cancer populations during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. We identified that group-based virtually supervised home-based exercise was the most used format among exercise oncology interventions during the pandemic. Preliminary results support feasibility and effectiveness of this emerging exercise setting in cancer survivors; however, it needs to be further investigated in adequately designed larger trials. Additionally, we provide recommendations and perspective for the implementation of virtually supervised home-based exercise. • The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a transition to home-based exercise interventions in cancer survivors. • Virtually supervised group-based exercise interventions were the most common format among exercise oncology interventions during COVID-19. • Preliminary results suggest feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of virtually supervised exercise. • We provide recommendations and perspectives for the implementation of virtually supervised exercise in future exercise oncology trials. • There is a need to develop high-quality research in exercise oncology to support cancer survivors beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103699

Exercise oncology during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic: Are virtually supervised exercise interventions a sustainable alternative?

Exercise On Metabolic Syndrome In Breast Cancer Survivors: 5-year Follow-up To A Randomized Controlled Trial

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Barriers To Exercise Among Breast, Prostate, And Colorectal Cancer Survivors

Exercise oncology during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic: Are virtually supervised exercise interventions a sustainable alternative?

Exercise On Metabolic Syndrome In Breast Cancer Survivors: 5-year Follow-up To A Randomized Controlled Trial