Part I. Introduction: 1. Mediterranean-type climate (MTC) ecosystems and fire 2. Fire and the fire regime framework 3. Fire related plant traits Part II. Regional Patterns: 4. Fire in the Mediterranean basin 5. Fire in California 6. Fire in Chile 7. Fire in the Cape region of South Africa 8. Fire in southern Australia Part III. Comparative Ecology, Evolution and Management: 9. Fire-adaptive trait evolution 10. Fire and the origins of Mediterranean-type vegetation 11. Plant diversity and fire 12. Alien species and fire 13. Fire management of Mediterranean landscapes 14. Climate, fire and geology in the convergence of Mediterranean-type climate ecosystems References Index.

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Fire in Mediterranean Ecosystems: Ecology, Evolution and Management

Summary


1
Multi-stemmed trees are a common component of tropical and temperate montane rain forests, where they co-occur with single-stemmed trees. We hypothesized that multi-stemmed architecture should predominate in less productive sites (such as at high elevation or with low soil nutrient availability) and that, because it frequently results from sprouting, it should prevail in sites that are frequently disturbed. We also hypothesized that where multi-stemmed architecture predominates, there should be lower rates of mortality and recruitment of individuals.

2
We tested these hypotheses using data from permanent plots in tropical montane rain forests in Jamaica (14 years) and in temperate montane rain forests in New Zealand (19 years). The frequency of multi-stemmed trees varied across plots in both forests (4–34% in Jamaica; 0–21% in New Zealand) along gradients of elevation and soil nutrients.

3
Analyses examined the direct and indirect effects of the various environmental variables that are likely to drive site productivity and disturbance. We showed contrasting predictors of the frequency of multi-stemmed trees in the tropical and temperate forests. Multi-stemmed trees in Jamaican forests were most frequent on sites of low soil nutrient status (especially available soil phosphorus, P) whereas in New Zealand they were most frequent at high elevation sites, especially towards tree line. In both forests there was no relationship between multi-stemmed tree frequency and slope.

4
Turnover (the mean of mortality and recruitment rates) of multi-stemmed trees in Jamaican forests was lowest on sites of low soil nutrient status (especially available P) but was unrelated to environmental predictors in New Zealand. In both forests, turnover rates of multi-stemmed trees overall were 60% lower than those for co-occurring single-stemmed trees, offering support for the hypothesis that multi-stemmed architecture favours persistence.

5
Synthesis. Our study demonstrates that multi-stemmed trees can predominate in low productivity sites in montane rain forests. Their low turnover compared with co-occurring single-stemmed trees confirms the importance of evaluating the persistence niche as a mechanism promoting woody species coexistence in forests.

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01479.x

Multi-stemmed trees in montane rain forests: their frequency and demography in relation to elevation, soil nutrients and disturbance

We investigated growth characteristics ofEuptelea polyandra Sieb. et Zucc. (Eupteleaceae), a Japanese endemic deciduous tree species growing on unstable ground such as that of very steep slopes with thin soil.Euptelea polyandra began to sprout at the juvenile stage and had a multiple-stemmed tree form. There was a positive correlation between diameter of the maximumsized stem within a stool (DMS) and the number of stems within the stool. Many stools had suffered from disturbances as shown by the fact that uprooting scars were found on 31.4% and 42.4%, respectively, of the stools of the two populations studied. Sprouting played a significance role in repairing damaged stems and stools, and at least 15.5% and 18.2% of the stools of the two populations, respectively, had apparently avoided death by sprouting. Sprouted stems gradually inclined with the increase in their relative sizes within each stool, and this seemed to facilitate the establishment of younger sprouted stems. The small younger sprouted stems had their own roots. There were dormant buds on stems which originated from axillary buds, and secondary dormant buds occurred by branching. The total number of dormant buds in a stool increased with DMS. It is concluded thatE. polyandra accumulates dormant buds for sprouting in order to respond to disturbances quickly.

Adaptive Significance of Sprouting of Euptelea polyandra, a Deciduous Tree Growing on Steep Slopes with Shallow Soil

The two dominant species of the Corsican mattoral,Arbutus unedo L. andErica arborea L., can produce abundant sprouts from the lignotuber not only immediately after fire but also more or less continuously in the absence of major disturbance. The lignotuber appears to be more important during the early stages of development; the result is an increase in the number of sprouts during the 25 years following the establishment of the individuals. Later the lignotuber seems to lose the ability to ensure the development of new basal sprouts. A hypothesis is that the presence of a lignotuber is related to the growth form.Arbutus unedo andErica arborea show behaviour intermediate between acrotony and basitony, as the shoots show acrotony, and continuous sprouting is characteristic of basitonic species. The fact that sprouting from the lignotuber is not necessarily a result of fire suggests that the relation between fire and vegetation in the Mediterranean region should be reconsidered.

Continuous basal sprouting from a lignotuber:Arbutus unedo L. andErica arborea L., as woody Mediterranean examples.

The capacity for vegetative propagation in trees

Trees of Doryphora sassafras and Eucryphia moorei, growing in undisturbed, more or less single- species stands of cool temperate rainforest near the limits of their distribution, produce multiple stems from a swollen stem base that resembles a lignotuber. Both fine and large roots are also produced from the stem base. The stem base survives the death of the main stem and its root system and is thus able to vegetatively reproduce the original tree. Vegetative reproduction appears to compensate for the lack of seedling regeneration on the forest floor and results in ecologically stable and genetically conservative communities.

Multi-Stemmed Trees in Rainforest

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Multi-Stemmed Trees in Rainforest