Stressful environments such as salinity, drought, and high temperature (heat) cause alterations in a wide range of physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes in plants. Photosynthesis, the most fundamental and intricate physiological process in all green plants, is also severely affected in all its phases by such stresses. Since the mechanism of photosynthesis involves various components, including photosynthetic pigments and photosystems, the electron transport system, and CO2 reduction pathways, any damage at any level caused by a stress may reduce the overall photosynthetic capacity of a green plant. Details of the stress-induced damage and adverse effects on different types of pigments, photosystems, components of electron transport system, alterations in the activities of enzymes involved in the mechanism of photosynthesis, and changes in various gas exchange characteristics, particularly of agricultural plants, are considered in this review. In addition, we discussed also progress made during the last two decades in producing transgenic lines of different C3 crops with enhanced photosynthetic performance, which was reached by either the overexpression of C3 enzymes or transcription factors or the incorporation of genes encoding C4 enzymes into C3 plants. We also discussed critically a current, worldwide effort to identify signaling components, such as transcription factors and protein kinases, particularly mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) involved in stress adaptation in agricultural plants.

Photosynthesis under stressful environments: An overview

https://jcp.bmj.com/content/jclinpath/33/9/907.1.full.pdf

Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

Driven by energy neutral/positive of wastewater treatment plants, significant efforts have been made on the research and development of mainstream partial nitritation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) (PN/A) (deammonification) process since the early 2010s. To date, feasibility of mainstream PN/A process has been demonstrated and proven by experimental results at various scales although with the low loading rates and elevated nitrogen concentration in the effluent at low temperatures (15–10 °C). This review paper provides an overview of the current state of research and development of mainstream PN/A process and critically analyzes the bottlenecks for its full-scale application. The paper discusses the following: (i) the current status of research and development of mainstream PN/A process; (ii) the interactions among aerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria, aerobic nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, anammox bacteria, and heterotrophic bacteria; (iii) the suppression of aerobic nitrite-oxidizing bacteria; (iv) process and bioreactors; and (v) suggested further studies including efficient and robust carbon concentrating pretreatment, deepening of understanding competition between autotrophic nitrogen-converting organisms, intensification of biofilm anammox activity, reactor design, and final polishing.

Mainstream partial nitritation-anammox in municipal wastewater treatment: status, bottlenecks, and further studies.

Programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) is a negative modulatory signaling pathway for activation of T cell. It is acknowledged that PD-1/PD-L1 axis plays a crucial role in the progression of tumor by altering status of immune surveillance. As one of the most promising immune therapy strategies, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor is a breakthrough for the therapy of some refractory tumors. However, response rate of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in overall patients is unsatisfactory, which limits the application in clinical practice. Therefore, biomarkers which could effectively predict the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are crucial for patient selection. Biomarkers reflecting tumor immune microenvironment and tumor cell intrinsic features, such as PD-L1 expression, density of tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL), tumor mutational burden, and mismatch-repair (MMR) deficiency, have been noticed to associate with treatment effect of anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy. Furthermore, gut microbiota, circulating biomarkers, and patient previous history have been found as valuable predictors as well. Therefore establishing a comprehensive assessment framework involving multiple biomarkers would be meaningful to interrogate tumor immune landscape and select sensitive patients.

/pdf/biomarkers-for-predicting-efficacy-of-pd-1-pd-l1-inhibitors-5eb6ikqw6w.pdf

Biomarkers for predicting efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a widely consumed spice in the world. Garlic contains diverse bioactive compounds, such as allicin, alliin, diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, ajoene, and S-allyl-cysteine. Substantial studies have shown that garlic and its bioactive constituents exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, immunomodulatory, cardiovascular protective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, digestive system protective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, neuroprotective, and renal protective properties. In this review, the main bioactive compounds and important biological functions of garlic are summarized, highlighting and discussing the relevant mechanisms of actions. Overall, garlic is an excellent natural source of bioactive sulfur-containing compounds and has promising applications in the development of functional foods or nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of certain diseases.

Bioactive Compounds and Biological Functions of Garlic ( Allium sativum L.)

Bacteria capable of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) enable autotrophic nitrogen removal. Organic carbon in wastewater can instead be utilized for energy production. However, anammox-based processes are not yet used at any extent for treatment of the main stream at wastewater treatment plants. One of the reasons for this is the challenge for the slow growing autotrophic bacteria to work at low temperatures. Here we investigate one-stage nitritation-anammox at temperatures of 13-16°C in a pilot moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) receiving reject water from anaerobic sludge digestion. At a target nitrogen loading rate of 1 g NH4+-N m-2 d-1 the average nitrogen removal rate was 0.81 g NH4+-N m-2 d-1 and 0.55 g NH4+-N m-2 d-1 at 16°C and 13°C respectively. At low temperatures oxygen control is important to avoid oxygen penetration to the deeper parts of the biofilm, which causes inhibition of the anammox bacteria and as a result nitrite accumulation. Hence, the process was operated at conditions to limit the activity of the aerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) by oxygen availability. The biofilm biomass was dominated by anammox bacteria, with 1.0 × 1014 copies m-2 (16S rRNA), with considerably fewer AOB of 2.1 × 1012 copies m-2 (amoA), as measured by quantitative PCR. Cell specific conversion rates of anammox bacteria and AOB were estimated at 0.3-0.5 fmol N cell-1 d-1 and 7-9 fmol N cell-1 d-1, respectively. The study shows the applicability of one-stage nitritation-anammox in MBBRs at low temperatures and highlights the importance of quantification of AOB and anammox bacteria for understanding process performance.

One-stage nitritation - anaerobic ammonium oxidation at low temperatures in a moving bed biofilm reactor

Deammonification process performance and efficiency at different temperatures

This research article describes a cross-sectional study in cattle of District Lahore which aimed to identify prevalence of Eimeria species and risk factors associated with subclinical coccidiosis. A total of 2700 rectal faecal samples were collected from Govt. Dairy Farm, Lahore, Military Dairy Farm, Lahore and peri-urban farm (Gawala Colonies), Lahore under different managemental practices and were screened for different Eimerian oocysts. 1473 faecal sample were found positive for Eimeria species Oocysts Viz E. bovis (27.05%), E. zuernii (20.14%), E. subspherica (11.72%), E. cylinderica (23.97%), E. ellipsoidalis (19.54%) and the highest (78.66%) month wise prevalence was noted during August whereas the lowest (35.44%) was during April. The results of the study showed that overall the highest (66.22%) prevalence of coccidiosis was noted during Autumn followed by summer (59.66%), winter (51.77%) and lowest during spring (38.2%). The highest ( 45.33%) prevalence of coccidiosis was observed in animals aged between 6 to 12 months, followed by 41.35% in animals under 6 months of age whereas the lowest (36.00%) above I year. Female animals were more frequently affected (41.25%) than males (39.50%).In the present study, the maximum OPG count observed was 55,000 and the minimum count as 2000.

https://www.longdom.org/open-access/prevalence-of-coccidiosis-in-cattle-of-lahore-pakistan-2155-9597-1000314.pdf

Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Cattle of Lahore, Pakistan

For nurses’ low back pain is a serious health issue. Objective: To determine the contributing factors towards low back pain among front line health care workers in Lahore, Pakistan. Method: The design of this study was cross-sectional, descriptive, and quantitative. 191 nurses were selected for this study through non-probability purposive sampling.  Data were collected by adopted Performa by Prof. Cilliers. Results: This study encompassed 191 nurses working in the four public hospitals of Lahore. The response rate was 100%. The regular prevalence of low back pain was 41.4%. The highest ratio of contributing factors towards low back pain was physical, (poor posture 36.6%), while in the psychological factors fatigue 52.4%, whereas in the social factors age 35.6%, similarly in patient care Lifting a heavy Patient 23.6%, and work environment workload 36.6%. Conclusion: Low back pain was moderately prevalent among front-line health care workers. A physical, psychological, social, patient care, and work environment are all contributing factors towards low back pain.

/pdf/contributing-factors-towards-low-back-pain-among-front-line-14wq1i5k.pdf

Contributing Factors Towards Low Back Pain Among Front Line Health Care Workers in Lahore, Pakistan

The aim of present study was to see the effect of infection and its medication on weight gain of calves under indigenous environment. Twelve cattle calves under 3 months of age were procured and reared under standard manage mental conditions. After one week of deworming and acclimatization, calves were randomly divided into two groups and were infected with 20000 oocysts of E. bovis. Group A: Animals of this group were infected but medicated and their feed conversion ratio and body weight were recorded weekly for a period of two months. Group B: Animals of this group were kept as infected and non-medicated and their feed conversion ratio and body weight were recorded weekly for a period of two months.

The economical losses due to coccidiosis in experimental calves was calculated on the basis of loss in weight gain and feed conversion ratio as compared with the control groups. It was concluded that there was significant difference (p<0.05) between weight gain and feed conversion ratio of treated animals and infected non-treated group. Weight gain and FCR of treated group A was high as compared to non-treated group B.

/pdf/studies-on-economic-losses-of-coccidial-infection-40bk0lfqet.pdf

Studies on Economic Losses of Coccidial Infection

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