Political Parties and Primaries in Kentucky

Abstract India has a history of populist politics, with its strongest manifestations at the state level of India’s federal system. Recent national governments have displayed populist tendencies. The current Hindu nationalist government, headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has personalistic characteristics which echo populist projects elsewhere. Personalist rule creates uncertainty for capital, and it has reduced the political influence of business. Populism in regional politics is a matter of concern for business in India, but it has created less uncertainty. Populist regimes at the state level might encroach on economic freedom but they also manage the social disruption that follows from rapid economic growth and can create conditions conducive for private sector investment. 

India

If there is a normative model of government to which many American political scientists seem directly and indirectly to subscribe, it is that of "responsible parties." From E. E. Schattschneider's defense of Party Government through Seymour Martin Lipset's Party Coalitions in the 1980s we encounter the persistent assertion that democracy in modern mass society can function successfully only through responsible political parties.' Policy implementation in the United States appears more haphazard and frustrating than in parliamentary democracies where responsible political parties can require their candidates to pledge support of the parties' principles and policies and to enforce those pledges in parliament. In the United States we see much less party discipline. The minimum requirements for responsible parties seem to be that party elites endorse and then secure nomination of candidates broadly supportive of party interests, and that party activists then make concerted efforts to elect these nominees. Unlike the European practice, in America only urban party machines have even come close to fulfilling these lesser requirements. Advocates of "responsible parties" have not expressed much enthusiasm, therefore, for developments like the increased importance of mass media and direct mail, or reforms like expanded primary elections, extended civil service requirements at the local level, and accurate computerized voter registration lists, all of which have tended to weaken urban party machines in the United States. In their view, these changes have done more harm than good. Political machines have not been displaced by something better: rather they have deteriorated into irrespon-

From Organization to Personalism: A Note on the Transmogrification of the Local Political Party

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From Organization to Personalism: A Note on the Transmogrification of the Local Political Party