There is growing concern about the transfer of methane originating from water bodies to the atmosphere. Methane from sediments can reach the atmosphere directly via bubbles or indirectly via vertical turbulent transport. This work quantifies methane gas bubble dissolution using a combination of bubble modeling and acoustic observations of rising bubbles to determine what fraction of the methane transported by bubbles will reach the atmosphere. The bubble model predicts the evolving bubble size, gas composition, and rise distance and is suitable for almost all aquatic environments. The model was validated using methane and argon bubble dissolution measurements obtained from the literature for deep, oxic, saline water with excellent results. Methane bubbles from within the hydrate stability zone (typically below ∼500 m water depth in the ocean) are believed to form an outer hydrate rim. To explain the subsequent slow dissolution, a model calibration was performed using bubble dissolution data from the literature measured within the hydrate stability zone. The calibrated model explains the impressively tall flares (>1300 m) observed in the hydrate stability zone of the Black Sea. This study suggests that only a small amount of methane reaches the surface at active seep sites in the Black Sea, and this only from very shallow water areas (<100 m). Clearly, the Black Sea and the ocean are rather effective barriers against the transfer of bubble methane to the atmosphere, although substantial amounts of methane may reach the surface in shallow lakes and reservoirs.

/pdf/fate-of-rising-methane-bubbles-in-stratified-waters-how-much-gm1balcr4i.pdf

Fate of rising methane bubbles in stratified waters: How much methane reaches the atmosphere?

A system, method, service and wireless location-establishing device are disclosed, which locates its position by a plurality of means, including GPS satellite interrogation and triangulation. Alternative methods of location establishment include triangulating location data from nearby location-established objects such as WiFi or cell site towers, as well as from other present Invention location establishing devices (“Survey Eggs”). Once location has been established, the device can transmit and receive a variety of data based upon location, profile, and other factors, facilitating novel interactions and transactions.

Wireless location establishing device

Hydrocarbon seep and hydrothermal vent paleoenvironments and paleontology: Past developments and future research directions

Methods of manufacturing a liquid crystal device including depositing a layer of liquid crystal material on a substrate and imprinting a pattern on the layer of liquid crystal material using an imprint template are disclosed. The liquid crystal material can be jet deposited. The imprint template can include surface relief features, Pancharatnam-Berry Phase Effect (PBPE) structures or diffractive structures. The liquid crystal device manufactured by the methods described herein can be used to manipulate light, such as for beam steering, wavefront shaping, separating wavelengths and/or polarizations, and combining different wavelengths and/or polarizations.

Virtual and augmented reality systems and methods

The bookshelf methane hydrates in quaternary climate. methane hydrates in quaternary climate change the. the interaction of climate change and methane hydrates is. large submarine landslides on continental slopes. balancing the deglacial global carbon budget the hydrate. millennial scale shifts in the methane hydrate stability. 2 why study gas hydrate charting the future of methane. old carbon reservoirs were not important in the deglacial. did geologic emissions of methane play any role in. the sensitivity of gas hydrate reservoirs to climate. methane hydrates in quaternary climate change the. methane a scientific journey from obscurity to climate. potential impact on climate of the exploitation of methane. methane hydrate definition of methane hydrate by medical. oceanic gas hydrate instability and dissociation under. role of methane hydrates in climate change pelling. methane hydrates what you need to know yale climate. the bookshelf methane hydrates in quaternary climate. methane hydrate killer cause of earth s greatest mass. a methane trigger for rapid warming science. nasa methane s impacts on climate change may be twice. methane hydrates in quaternary climate change the. methane clathrate. methane hydrates in quaternary climate change the. climate change and methane hydrates world ocean review. methane hydrate dissociation off spitsbergen not caused by. did geologic emissions of methane play any role in. methane hydrates and climate change department of energy. should the world tap undersea methane hydrates for energy. news methane hydrates global carbon project. methane hydrates and contemporary climate change. methane hydrates in quaternary climate change the. methane hydrates in quaternary climate change the. customer reviews methane hydrates in. methane hydrates world ocean review. pdf a methane trigger for rapid warming. methane release from melting permafrost could trigger. clathrate gun hypothesis. methane hydrates in quaternary climate change the. role of methane hydrates in climate change pelling. methane hydrates in quaternary climate change. carbon isotopic evidence for methane hydrate instability. methane hydrate the world s largest natural gas resource. methane hydrates noaa ocean explorer. methane hydrates in quaternary climate change the. gas hydrate breakdown unlikely to cause massive greenhouse. methane hydrates in quaternary climate change the. methane hydrates and global warming phys

Methane hydrates in Quaternary climate change : the clathrate gun hypothesis

Portable locators are disclosed for finding and mapping buried objects such as utilities. A articulatable antenna node configuration and the use of Doppler radar and GPS navigation are also disclosed.

Multi-sensor mapping omnidirectional sonde and line locators

At least one antenna array including three mutually orthogonal antennas each sharing a common center point senses an electromagnetic signal emitted by a buried object such as a utility line, pipe or sonde. A circuit at least partially mounted in a housing is connected to the array and determines a location of the buried object by measuring signal strength and field angles in three dimensions without having to align the antenna array relative to the buried object while eliminating nulls and false peaks. A graphical user interface (GUI) has user-friendly icons, symbols, menus, numbers and graphical and auditory representation of signal strength. A SEARCH view indicates signal strength by showing a rotating strength indicator, a trace mode MAP view in which line location is shown by a line that moves side-to-side, and a sonde mode MAP view in which sonde location is shown by a moving line, pole and equator.

Omnidirectional sonde and line locator

At least one antenna array including three mutually orthogonal antennas each sharing a common center point senses an electromagnetic signal emitted by a buried object such as a utility line, pipe or sonde. A circuit at least partially mounted in a housing is connected to the array and determines a location of the buried object by measuring signal strength and field angles in three dimensions without having to align the antenna array relative to the buried object while eliminating nulls and false peaks. A graphical user interface (GUI) has user-friendly icons, symbols, menus, numbers and graphical and auditory representation of signal strength. A plurality of different underground objects can be simultaneously detected and their different locations can be simultaneously indicated to a user via audible sounds and/or visual images on a display.

Single and multi-trace omnidirectional sonde and line locators and transmitter used therewith

Plumes extending nearly 1000 m from the 1500--2000 m deep seafloor of Guaymas Basin were detected from below the 235-kHz inverted echo-sounder of the Scripps Deep Two vehicle Individual sound reflectors (bubbles or drops) rise at approximately 17 cm/s in one plume The Deep Tow side scan records provide more information on the plumes' structure at the altitude of the vehicle (75 m), where some form multiple side scan targets, one 20 m across Near-bottom 4-kHz profiles show that plumes overlie young fault traces associated with extensional faulting at the basin's spreading centers of outcrops of tilted beds beside strike-slip faults We infer from analysis of the Deep Tow observations, field relationships, and knowledge of the geology of this basin that the plumes are made of light hydrocarbons, perhaps mainly methane, that emanate from seabed seeps One of the acoustically detected plumes was at a spreading-axis hydrothermal field, which has many buoyant, acoustically transparent thermal plumes, some of which are rich in dissolved hydrocarbons

Acoustically detected hydrocarbon plumes rising from 2‐km depths in Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California

A portable self-standing electromagnetic (EM) field sensing locator system with attachments for finding and mapping buried objects such as utilities and with intuitive graphical user interface (GUI) displays. Accessories include a ground penetrating radar (GPR) system with a rotating Tx/Rx antenna assembly, a leak detection system, a multi-probe voltage mapping system, a man-portable laser-range finder system with embedded dipole beacon and other detachable accessory sensor systems are accepted for attachment to the locator system for simultaneous operation in cooperation with the basic locator system. The integration of the locator system with one or more additional devices, such as fault-finding, geophones and conductance sensors, facilitates the rapid detection and localization of many different types of buried objects.

Tri-pod buried locator system

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Ray Merewether

Author Tools

Chat about Author