OBJECTIVES
Several systematic literature reviews have assessed the scientific evidence on resin bonding protocols to conventional 3 mol% ytrria-stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP) ceramics. It has been widely discussed, however, that the differing composition and physical properties of new high-translucent zirconia generations (4Y-TZP and 5Y-TZP) may require alternative bonding materials and procedures. This paper reviewed in vitro studies on the success and durability of bonding protocols to high-translucent zirconia.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
A systematic search of PubMed and Cochrane Library for in vitro studies on bonding to new zirconia generations published until November 2020 was conducted and complemented by a manual search. Studies selected for review fulfilled the applied inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the included studies was assessed with the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials.


RESULTS
Of 629 screened articles, 18 were included in this review. They investigated different surface pretreatment methods, primers, resin cements, aging procedures, and bond strength test protocols. The limited number of the identified studies and the heterogeneity of the extracted data did not allow to conduct a meta-analysis.


CONCLUSIONS
The available evidence suggests that resin bonding protocols successfully applied to conventional zirconia are also the most successful for high-translucent zirconia. Airborne particle abrasion and special phosphate monomer-containing primers or composite resin cements provide long-term durable resin bonds.


CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Durable bonds can be established between high-translucent zirconia and resin cements. The bonding materials and procedures applied do not compromise their physical properties.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jerd.12876

The resin bond to high-translucent zirconia-A systematic review.

Influence of high-speed sintering protocols on translucency, mechanical properties, microstructure, crystallography, and low-temperature degradation of highly translucent zirconia

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of different bleaching agents on microhardness and color of CAD/CAM ceramics including IPS e.max CAD (lithium disilicate), VITA ENAMIC (polymer-infiltrated ceramic), and Celtra Duo CAD (zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate). Materials’ samples were divided into three groups (n = 10) and each received a different bleaching treatment; 20% carbamide peroxide, 35% carbamide peroxide, and 40% hydrogen peroxide. A fourth group was stored in water acting as a control. Vickers microhardness and spectrophotometric color measurements were taken at baseline and after bleaching. IPS e.max CAD showed a significant reduction (about 14%), while VITA ENAMIC showed a significant increase (about 78%) in microhardness after bleaching (p ˂ 0.001). Celtra Duo CAD did not demonstrate a significant change in microhardness (p ≥ 0.609). The color difference (ΔEab) after bleaching was 0.29 (±0.08), 2.84 (±0.64), and 1.99 (±0.37) for IPS e.max CAD, VITA ENAMIC, and Celtra Duo CAD, respectively. It could be concluded that the effect of bleaching on color and microhardness was mainly material-dependent. Bleaching significantly affected the microhardness of IPS e.max CAD and VITA ENAMIC. The color difference was within the clinically imperceptible range for IPS e.max CAD, while VITA ENAMIC and Celtra Duo CAD demonstrated perceptible color change.

/pdf/the-effect-of-home-and-in-office-bleaching-on-microhardness-2u75e3oc.pdf

The Effect of Home and In-Office Bleaching on Microhardness and Color of Different CAD/CAM Ceramic Materials

Statement of problem High-translucency monolithic multilayer precolored zirconia provides acceptable esthetics and eliminates chipping of the veneering porcelain. However, the color is not always consistent with the standard Vita shade guide, and the color saturation may vary with the thickness of the zirconia. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to characterize the effect of thickness on the color accuracy of high-translucency monolithic multilayer precolored zirconia. Material and methods Plate-shaped (20×20 mm) Vita A2 shade high-translucency monolithic multilayer precolored zirconia specimens of 3 types (SHT Multilayer, AT Multilayer, and 3D Multilayer) in 4 thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm) were fabricated (N=120, n=10). A spectrophotometer was used to measure the color attributes (CIELab) against gray or A2 substrates to evaluate the color accuracy based on differences in color (ΔE) (versus the Vita shade guide) and chroma. Statistical analysis was performed by using the Pearson correlation, 2-way ANOVA, and post hoc Scheffe test (α=.05). Results Against gray substrates, thickness was significantly positively correlated with all color attributes. Against A2 substrates, L∗ values increased with an increase in thickness; however, a∗, b∗, and chroma values remained stable. Zirconia with a thickness of 1.0 mm exhibited the lowest ΔE, regardless of the type, except for AT Multilayer against A2 substrates, where the lowest ΔE was achieved at 0.5 mm. At thicknesses ≥1.0 mm, the ΔE between the 2 substrates was imperceivable. Conclusions Thickness affected the color accuracy of different high-translucency monolithic multilayer precolored zirconia types. It appears that the optimal thickness in terms of color accuracy is 1.0 mm. These results could be used as a reference for the selection and preparation of abutments in clinical applications.

Effects of thickness of different types of high-translucency monolithic multilayer precolored zirconia on color accuracy: An in vitro study.

The evaluation of vertical marginal disc-repancy induced by using as cast and as received base metal alloys with different mixing ratios for the construction of porcelain fused to metal copings

Purpose : The current study investigated the effect of different sintering protocols (long, speed and high- speed cycles) on translucency and fracture resistance of monolithic zirconia crowns. Materials and Methods: 30 monolithic zirconia crowns were CAD/CAM fabricated from translucent BruxZir zirconia blanks. The crowns were divided into three groups (n=10 each) according to the sintering protocols(temperature & speed); Group (I): samples sintered by long sintering cycle (1510°C , 120 min holding time and 8 hours total cycle time), Group (II): speed sintering ( 1540°C , 25 min holding time and 2 hours total cycle time) and Group (III): high-speed sintering (1580°C, 10 min holding time representing the total firing cycle).Translucency parameter (TP) and Contrast Ratio (CR) were measured using a spectrophotometer, then compressive load was applied till fracture in a universal testing machine. One representative disc sample (10mm diameter x 1 mm thickness) was fabricated and sintered according to the parameters of each group and analyzed by scanning electron microscope. Collected data were statistically analyzed. Results: Sintering speed had a statistically significant effect on (TP),(CR) and fracture resistance means. Long cycle showed the statistically significantly highest (TP) and lowest (CR) mean values. The high-speed cycle recorded the statistically significantly highest fracture resistance mean values. Conclusion: Shortening the sintering cycle significantly decreased translucency and increased fracture resistance of monolithic zirconia crowns. Regarding Translucency Perception Threshold ,speed cycle can be recommended for sintering of BruxZir monolithic zirconia crowns.

https://edj.journals.ekb.eg/article_120862_7f52473345f867aeb5a21bdbdd5bc16a.pdf

Influence of Different Sintering Protocols on Translucency and Fracture Resistance of Monolithic Zirconia Crowns

The effect of glass ionomer cement modified by nanoparticles on the bond strength and colour of lithium disilicate ceramic was studied. Glass ionomer cement modified by nanosilver or nanogold, glass ionomer cement and IPS e.max CAD A2 were used. Thirty e.max CAD discs were constructed. The samples were divided into 3 groups, the first group, 10 samples (control group) used non modified glass ionomer cement (GIC), the second and third groups, 10 samples each used modified glass ionomer cement : nano silver (NSGIC), nanogold (NGGIC). The samples were then subdivided according to the test to which they will be subjected: colour test - shear bond strength test (5 samples each).The samples subjected to colour test were cemented to a composite discs with a shade A2 while those subjected to shear bond strength test were cemented to dentine, using the 3 tested types of glass ionomer. Results showed that ΔE of all the tested samples recorded values in the range of clinical acceptability. NGGIC group showed less ΔE than NSGIC group compared to the control group. Also, the results showed no statistical significant difference in shear bond strength between the control group (GIC) and the two experimental groups (NSGIC) and (NGGIC). Conclusion: The addition of nanoparticles to glass ionomer cement resulted in ΔE within the clinical acceptance. Also, they showed no significant difference as regards to shear bond strength.

https://edj.journals.ekb.eg/article_72868_1bf5f7b8f9f02a287638432cabae5ae6.pdf

Effect of nanoparticles modified glass ionomer cement on the colour and shear bond strength of lithium disilicate ceramic

Statement of problem: Most of the failures in metal-ceramic restorations occurs at the interface between the two materials. For long term clinical performance, these restorations should have adequate bond strength between metal and ceramic. Few data is available in regards to the metal-ceramic bond strength of Cobalt Chromium (Co-Cr) alloys fabricated by computer aided designing design/computer aided manufacturing CAD/CAM technology.Purpose of the study: The purpose of this in vitro study was to explore the influence of Co-Cr fabrication techniques on shear bond strength of porcelain to milled and cast Co-Cr alloys and to evaluate failure mode with & without thermo-mechanical cycling.Materials & Methods: A total of 20 disc samples (10 mm diameter x 4 mm thickness) were fabricated of Co-Cr alloy and divided into two groups (10 discs each) according to their fabrication technique: Group I: fabricated by CAD/CAM milling and Group II: fabricated by conventional casting. Then porcelain build up for all discs (10 mm diameter x 2mm thickness) was done using feldspathic porcelain. Each group was subdivided according to discs’ exposure to thermo-mechanical cycling into two sub-groups (5 discs each). Sub-group A : without thermo-mechanical cycling and Sub-group B: with thermo-mechanical cycling. All the disc samples were subjected to the shear bond strength (SBS) test and the failure mode was investigated under digital microscope at 40 X. Data were statistically analyzed using Independent sample t-test and Two-way ANOVA test (P ≤ 0.05).Results: The results showed that the fabrication techniques were statistically insignificantly affecting the SBS of both CAD/CAM milled and conventional casting groups. Regarding the thermo-mechanical cycling, the CAD/CAM milled and conventional casting groups without thermo-mechanical cycling showed a statistically significantly higher SBS than those with thermo-mechanical cycling. Failure mode was mixed type for all disc samples.Conclusions: Fabrication technique of Co-Cr alloy had no significant effect on SBS. Thermo-mechanical cycling of milled and cast Co-Cr samples significantly affecting SBS with the superiority of the non-thermo-mechanical cycled samples. All the tested samples showed SBS values within the clinically acceptable levels. CAD/ CAM fabricated Co -Cr may be considered a promising alternative to conventional cast Co-Cr for metal ceramic prosthesis in terms of SBS.

https://edj.journals.ekb.eg/article_72671_da711adebf66e76dcf4ec80300c1ad86.pdf

Effect of thermo-mechanical cycling on the shear bond strength of porcelain to milled and cast cobalt-chromium alloys

Purpose : The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of intraoral and extraoral scanning techniques on the vertical marginal gap distance of two types of computer aided designing/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) fabricated all-ceramic monolithic crowns. Materials and methods: Maxillary and mandibular typodont models were used in this study in which a standardized all-ceramic preparation of lower first molar tooth was carried out. These typodont models with the prepared tooth were representing the patient’s mouth. Thirty all-ceramic crowns were fabricated by CAD/CAM technique and divided into three groups(10 crowns each) according to their scanning technique; Group I: scanning of the typodont models by intraoral scanner. Group II: scanning of silicon impressions by extraoral scanner. Group III : scanning of stone casts by extraoral scanner. Each group was further sub-divided into 2 sub-groups (5 crowns each) according to the type of crown material. Sub-group(A): zirconia(BruxZir) crowns and Sub-group (B): hybrid ceramic(Vita Enamic) crowns. The vertical marginal gap distance between each crown margin and finish line of the prepared tooth was measured using a Digital microscope of 40X at 16 points / crown. Data were collected, tabulated and statistically analyzed using Tukey’s post-hoc and Two-way ANOVA tests (P< 0.05). Results: Different scanning techniques as well as crown materials had a statistically significant effect on vertical marginal gap distance (µm) at P-value 0.026. The intraoral scanning technique recorded the lowest statistically significant vertical marginal gap distance mean values for both crown materials among the three scanning techniques. Regarding the crown material, hybrid ceramic Vita Enamic crowns had a lower statistically significant vertical marginal gap distance values than zirconia BruxZir crowns with all the tested scanning techniques. Conclusion: The vertical marginal gap distance of monolithic crowns was significantly affected by the scanning techniques and crown materials with the superiority of the intraoral scanning technique. Vita Enamic crowns had lower vertical marginal gap distance than BruxZir crowns with different scanning techniques. All the tested monolithic crowns had vertical marginal gap distance values within the clinically acceptable levels.Key words: intraoral scanner, extraoral scanner, vertical marginal gap distance, monolithic, hybrid ceramics, Vita Enamic, zirconia, BruxZir.

https://edj.journals.ekb.eg/article_73026_13832f1c2e3f3f9c7656fcd7461eb32d.pdf

Marginal Accuracy of CAD/CAM Fabricated Monolithic All-Ceramic Crowns As A function of Digital Scanning Techniques

Objective: To evaluate wear of three CAD/CAM ceramics (Lithium Disilicate, Zirconia reinforced-lithium silicate, Zirconia-based) and their opposing enamel antagonist in addition to their microhardness & fracture toughness. Materials and Methods: Thirty rectangular shaped samples (12 x 14 x 2 mm)were fabricated and divided into three groups according to the type of ceramic used (10 samples each):Group(IP): IPS e.max CAD, Group(VS):Vita Suprinity and Group(BZ): BruxZir. Each group was divided into two sub-groups (5 samples each) according to the testing procedure. The first sub-groups were subjected to microhardness and fracture toughness tests, while the second sub-groups were first weighed then subjected to wear test and finally re-weighed again before being subjected to microhardness and fracture toughness tests. Results: Wear results showed a significant difference in weight loss of tested ceramics and the antagonist tooth structure between (BZ) and both (IP) & (VS) . Microhardness of the three ceramics were significantly different in each sub-group regardless of wear test. Regarding fracture toughness, there was a significant difference between (BZ) and both (IP) & (VS) in both sub-groups. For all tested ceramics, both sub-groups (without wear and after wear) were not statistically significantly different regarding microhardness and fracture toughness. Conclusions: BruxZir showed the best wear behavior and the worst abrasiveness to enamel. Microhardness and fracture toughness were the highest for zirconia-based ceramic but both parameters were not affected by thermo-mechanical aging of wear test for the three tested ceramics.

https://edj.journals.ekb.eg/article_143980_05711243d3f4907f875cf3ff02617291.pdf

Wear, Microhardness and Fracture Toughness of Different CAD/CAM Ceramics

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Rasha Sayed Asaad

Author Tools

Chat about Author