In recent decades, waste production from biomass-fuelled power plants, as well as from building and civil engineering works construction and demolition, has increased considerably. The possibility of recovering this waste type as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in manufacturing cement is a strategic tool for achieving the objective of reducing CO2 emissions by at least 55% (“Fit for 55″ by 2030). In this research work, the feasibility of incorporating 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% biomass bottom ash (BBA) and mixed powder from construction and demolition waste (CDWm) in the design of new eco-friendly binary cements was evaluated. To achieve this, the chemical, physical and mineralogical characterisation of the wastes was carried out; as well as a physical, mechanical and micro-structural characterisation of the pastes and mortars manufactured. The results showed that the new cements with BBA or CDWm meet the regulatory requirements for initial setting time, soundness and resistance. The mortars made with BBA also developed greater compressive strength and presented lower porosity at a later age than the reference mortar and the mortars made with CDWm. Finally, the new binary cements made with 15% and 20% BBA meet the requirements set forth in EN 197-1 for CEM IV/A cements, making them suitable for use in construction. 

Design and evaluation of physical, mechanical and micro-structural properties of eco-friendly binary-blended mortars using biomass bottom ash or construction and demolition waste powder

Effect of incorporating biomass bottom ash and construction and demolition waste powder on the physical-mechanical properties and micro-structure of ternary-blended mortars

In recent years, the development of ternary cements has become a priority research line for obtaining cements with a lower carbon footprint, with the goal to contribute to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. This study compared ordinary Portland cement (OPC) durability to the performance of ternary cements bearing OPC plus 7% of a 2:1 binary blend of either calcareous (Hc) or siliceous (Hs) concrete waste fines and shatterproof glass. Durability was measured further to the existing legislation for testing concrete water absorption, effective porosity, pressurized water absorption and resistance to chlorides and CO2. The experimental findings showed that the 7% blended mortars performed better than the reference cement in terms of total and effective porosity, but they absorbed more pressurized water. They also exhibited lower CO2 resistance, particularly in the calcareous blend, likely due to its higher porosity. Including the binary blend of CDW enhanced chloride resistance with diffusion coefficients of 2.9 × 10−11 m2 s−1 (calcareous fines-glass, 7%Hc-G) and 1.5 × 10−11 m2 s−1 (siliceous fines-glass, 7%Hs-G) compared to the reference cement’s 4.3 × 10−11 m2 s−1. The siliceous fines-glass blend out-performed the calcareous blend in all the durability tests. As the mortars with and without CDW (construction and demolition waste) performed to similar standards overall, the former were deemed viable for the manufacture of future eco-efficient cements.

/pdf/durability-of-construction-and-demolition-waste-bearing-2btpyn0j.pdf

Durability of Construction and Demolition Waste-Bearing Ternary Eco-Cements

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) currently constitutes a waste stream with growing potential use as a secondary raw material in the manufacture of eco-cements that offer smaller carbon footprints and less clinker content than conventional cements. This study analyzes the physical and mechanical properties of two different cement types, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement, and the synergy between them. These cements are manufactured with different types of CDW (fine fractions of concrete, glass and gypsum) and are intended for new technological applications in the construction sector. This paper addresses the chemical, physical, and mineralogical characterization of the starting materials, as well as the physical (water demand, setting time, soundness, water absorption by capillary action, heat of hydration, and microporosity) and mechanical behavior of the 11 cements selected, including the two reference cements (OPC and commercial CSA). From the analyses obtained, it should be noted that the addition of CDW to the cement matrix does not modify the amount of water by capillarity with respect to OPC cement, except for Labo CSA cement which increases by 15.7%, the calorimetric behavior of the mortars is different depending on the type of ternary and hybrid cement, and the mechanical resistance of the analysed mortars decreases. The results obtained show the favorable behavior of the ternary and hybrid cements made with this CDW. Despite the variations observed in the different types of cement, they all comply with the current standards applicable to commercial cements and open up a new opportunity to improve sustainability in the construction sector.

/pdf/physical-and-mechanical-behavior-of-new-ternary-and-hybrid-keqotj4f.pdf

Physical and Mechanical Behavior of New Ternary and Hybrid Eco-Cements Made from Construction and Demolition Waste

Advances in the understanding of alkaline waste materials as potential eco-pozzolans: characterisation, reactivity and behaviour

Calcareous and siliceous CDW wastes from concrete and glass wastes when mixed in binary mixtures has been analyzed in this study. Fine CDW fractions (<5 mm) of different sorts are selected: siliceous waste (HsT), calcareous waste (HcG) and laminated glass waste. The binary mixtures HsT/glass and HcG/glass at mix-proportions of 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2, respectively, are analyzed with a range of characterization techniques (XRD, TG/DTA, SEM-EDX, NMR, FT-IR) in the pure pozzolan/lime system over a reaction time of 90 days. The results showed that the incorporation of highly reactive recycled glass modified the pozzolanic reaction of the binary mixtures with respect to each particular concrete waste (of low activity). The principal mineralogical phases of the reaction were calcite and C–S–H gel, the latter modifying the C/S and A/S ratios as a function of either the silica or the lime-based concrete waste and the glass content of the mixtures. A higher degree of polymerization, morphology, and sodium content of C-H-S gel formed when glass was added.

Reactivity of binary construction and demolition waste mix as supplementary cementitious materials

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Reactivity of binary construction and demolition waste mix as supplementary cementitious materials