The present work focuses on the possibility of using the evolution of the spectral molecular bands of cyanide (CN) and carbon (C2) in the laser-induced breakdown spectra of cow’s milk for mastitis characterization. It has been found that the intensities of these molecular bands are directly proportional to the mastitis symptoms and consequently to the somatic cells count (SCC). The results obtained using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique in the present measurements proved that it is a direct, straightforward, and easy method for discrimination between mastitis milk and normal milk. A linear relation between the CN and C2 spectral line intensities and the corresponding average of the SCC has been obtained. Such linear relationship can be easily exploited in the identification and characterization of mastitic milk samples.

Characterization of Milk from Mastitis-Infected Cows Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometry as a Molecular Analytical Technique

Following infection of baboons with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, a rapid four-fold increase in meanÂ  serum haptoglobin concentrations was observed. These concentrations dropped to near pre-infection levelsÂ  following curative treatment of the infected animals with praziquantel. On challenge of the animals with aÂ  second cercarial dose, haptoglobin concentrations demonstrated a more gradual increase that did not attainÂ  the heights of the initial infection. Albumin concentrations displayed an inversely disproportionate relationshipÂ  to those of haptoglobin and decreases were much less pronounced. Whereas albumin was not aÂ  sensitive indicator of schistosomiasis mansoni, haptoglobin proved to be useful in detecting the acute infectionÂ  and in determining prognosis of the disease in the olive baboon.Â

http://sjlas.org/index.php/SJLAS/article/download/121/102

Acute Phase Response of Albumin and Haptoglobin in Experimental Infection of the Olive Baboon, Papio Anubis, with Schistosoma Mansoni

O setor agroindustrial do leite representa um dos maiores sistemas agroindustriais do mundo. O Brasil e, tradicionalmente, um grande produtor deste nobre alimento e, inclusive de soro lacteo juntamente com a producao de queijo. Objetivou-se avaliar a composicao fisico-quimica e microbiologica do leite e dos soros lacteos dos queijos minas frescal e mussarela estocado sob diferentes condicoes de temperatura. O experimento foi conduzido durante dois periodos distintos do ano de 2013. No leite foram realizadas analises fisico-quimicas e microbiologicas. Nos soros lacteos, acompanhados por 21 dias de estocagem nas temperaturas de 4±1oC e 8±1oC, foram realizadas afericoes de pH, determinacoes da acidez titulavel, teor proteico, perfil eletroforetico e analises microbiologicas. Os dados foram comparados por meio de intervalos de 95% de confianca, construidos, em cada tempo, a partir da variavel t-Student, e as analises realizadas com o software R versao 3.0.3. Os resultados das analises fisico-quimicas das amostras dos leites analisados indicaram indices em desacordo com a legislacao vigente. Na contagem microbiana, tanto o leite como os soros lacteos estudados apresentaram valores de nao conformidade com a legislacao. Durante todo o periodo de estocagem, somente o soro do queijo minas frescal, armazenado a 4±1 oC apresentou conformidade com a legislacao para o pH e acidez titulavel. Os teores medios de proteina total nos soros dos queijos pesquisados, nas temperaturas de 4±1 oC e 8±1 oC apresentaram-se em acordo com a legislacao e, independente do tipo de queijo, nao apresentaram diferencas significativas de proteinas (p> 0,05), ao longo do periodo de observacao. O perfil eletroforetico dos soros lacteos permitiu a observacao de uma concentracao mais acentuada nas bandas representativas de ate o setimo dia de armazenamento com 09 a 11 proteinas com pesos moleculares entre 14,4 a 116 kDa, em ambos os geis produzidos.

/pdf/avaliacao-fisico-quimica-e-microbiologica-do-leite-cru-3se20wyct6.pdf

Avaliação físico-química e microbiológica do leite cru refrigerado e soros dos queijos minas frescal e mussarela estocados sob diferentes temperaturas

Haptoglobin (Hp) is an acute phase protein that binds the free hemoglobin (Hb), thus preventing iron loss and renal damage. Hp also has antioxidative and immunomodulatory properties. Three Hp phenotypes have been identified in human: Hp1-1, Hp2-1, and Hp2-2. Hp polymorphisms have been related to susceptibility of various diseases. In this study, we aimed to assess the possible association of Hp phenotypes polymorphism to Schistosoma parasites infection in central Sudan. We have investigated the Hp phenotypes polymorphism distribution in the serum of 125 (93 S. mansoni, 13 S. haematobium and 19 infected with both "co-infection") parasitologically confirmed infected individuals and 208 healthy individuals served as control. Hp phenotypes have been determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by benzidine staining. Our study revealed that Hp1-1 percentage frequency was significantly higher in infected individuals than healthy control individuals 51% and 26% respectively. Our data suggest that Hp1-1 phenotype may upsurge the susceptibility to Schistosoma parasites infection in central Sudan.

/pdf/haptoglobin-phenotypes-and-susceptibility-to-schistosoma-28yrivpeqw.pdf

Haptoglobin Phenotypes and Susceptibility to Schistosoma Parasites Infection in Central Sudan.

Published January 2003. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http:catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu

/pdf/avoiding-residues-in-small-poultry-and-game-bird-flocks-1cmugo2zik.pdf

Avoiding residues in small poultry and game bird flocks

Infection of 10 dairy goats of mixed breed with Staphylococcus aureus resulted in changes in concentration of certain analytes in milk, which became more pronounced as the infection progressed. Somatic cell counts reached a peak increase of 147% of pre-infection levels, free fatty acids 49%, sodium 14%, Chloride 16% and Copper 47%. Decreases in milk concentration included lactose at a maximum 8%, iron at 47%, potassium at 10% and Calcium at 12% of pre-infection levels. Protein, nitrogen and magnesium levels appeared unaffected by infection. Following curative treatment, changes in the analytes resolved towards normal levels by the fourth week post-treatment.

Effect of experimental Staphylococcus aureus mastitis on compositional quality of goat milk

Male BALB/c mice were infected with a single cercarial dose of Schistosoma mansoni and later treated curatively with praziquantel on Day 42 post-infection. Serum from the animals was studied for changes in concentration of haptoglobin, albumin, iron, zinc and copper. The infection resulted in significant decreases in serum albumin, iron and zinc, and increases in serum haptoglobin and copper. Haptoglobin showed the most sensitive responses with a peak increase of 257% of pre-infection levels achieved. Copper, however, showed only very gradual increases, which peaked, at 16% of pre-infection concentrations. Albumin levels showed a gradual but steady decrease to reach 48.7% of pre-infection concentrations. Iron showed similar trends with maximal decrease of 48.9%. Zinc levels dropped fairly rapidly following infection and were decreased maximally to 66.4%. The post-infection changes demonstrated recovery following treatment, though pre-infection concentrations were not achieved. The protein and cation changes correlated well with the degree of tissue damage and inflammation evidenced in the histopathological studies of infected mice. The study demonstrated that elevation in serum haptoglobin and copper, and depression in serum albumin, iron and zinc concentrations occur in the acute phase of S. mansoni infection of mice, and that these changes recover with reducing tissue damage and inflammation, and are therefore good indicators of tissue pathology.

/pdf/assessment-of-the-acute-phase-response-in-experimental-2xtfroaz9x.pdf

Assessment Of The Acute Phase Response In Experimental Infection Of Mice With Schistosoma Mansoni

Schistosoma mansoniasis is a disease of grave concern due to its high morbidity and mortality in parts of the world. This study aimed at providing insight into the pathogenesis of S. mansoniasis as an aid in the development of effective control methods. Iron, zinc and copper concentrations were spectrophotometrically measured in sequential serum specimens obtained from baboons throughout the course of acute S. mansoni infection, following curative treatment with praziquantel and following post-treatment challenge with a second cercarial infection. The initial infection resulted in a two-fold increase in copper concentrations by Day 102 post-infection. Iron concentrations fell to almost half of pre-infection concentrations by Day 123 post-infection, while those of zinc fell to a third of pre-infection concentrations by Day 81 post-infection.  These changes were seen to recover several weeks following treatment, though pre-infection concentrations were never achieved. Haptoglobin, a sensitive biomarker in the acute phase response of S. mansoni, was also measured at all sampling points. Haptoglobin changes were in concordance with those of the cations. The findings demonstrate that iron, zinc and copper are reactants in the acute phase response of S. mansoni in the nonhuman primate model, Papio anubis. Furthermore, these reactants are modulated in challenge infections and may be important in the immunopathology of the disease.

	 

	Key words: Acute phase response, Schistosomiasis mansoni, serum iron, serum zinc, serum copper.

https://wwmw.academicjournals.org/article/article1380037831_Mungatana et al.pdf

Effect of experimental Schistosomiasis mansoni infection on serum levels of iron, zinc and copper in the olive baboon (Papio anubis)

The uncontrolled and unrestricted use of antimicrobials may lead to undesirable drug residues in the treated animals and their products. However, in the Kenyan poultry industry there is lack of affordable, easy to perform antibiotic residues screening methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Bacillus subtilis as test organism for assay of beta-lactam antibiotics in chicken meat. Microbiological detection was achieved by agar well diffusion. The test bacteria grew optimally at a pH range of 6-7.3. Zone diameters decreased significantly (p<0.001) when B. subtilis was used to detect penicillin G (PEN G) at decreasing pH from 7.3, 7.0 to 6. There was significant (p<0.001) difference in the detection of PEN G in both kidney and liver samples at the different pH values although high antibiotic concentrations produced zones that were not significantly different. It was concluded that the pH of the growth media influences the growth of test organism. Although PEN G was reliably detected below the MRLs, of 50ng/g in both liver and kidney by B. subtilis, the pH of the growth media and type of organ affected both the detection and the limits of detection (LODs) of this antibiotic. Bacillus subtilis plate at pH 7.3 can be used effectively for routine screening for residues of PEN G in chicken kidney and liver tissues. The B. subtilis plate had LOD of 0.1ng/ml in both liver and kidney tissues. This screening test is technically simple and can be carried out in any laboratory. Keywords: Bacillus subtilis, agar well diffusion, chicken, PEN G, Kenya

Evaluation of the Performance of Bacillus Subtilis for Assay of Beta-Lactams in Broiler Chicken Meat

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