UV, Blue, Green, Yellow, Red, and Small: Newest Developments on Eu2+-Doped Nanophosphors

A new hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach for location selection of sustainable offshore wind energy stations: A case study

Red light emitting cubic Y1.95Eu0.05O3 nanophosphors have been synthesized by a low temperature solution combustion method using ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) as fuel. The systematic studies on the effect of calcination temperature on its structural, photoluminescence (PL), and thermoluminescence (TL) properties were reported. The crystallinity of the samples increases, and the strain is reduced with increasing calcination temperature. SEM micrographs reveal that samples lose their porous nature with an increase in calcination temperature. PL spectra show that the intensity of the red emission (611 nm) is highly dependent on the calcination temperature and is found to be 10 times higher when compared to as-formed samples. The optical band gap (E-g) was found to reduce with an increase of calcination temperature due to reduction of surface defects. The thermoluminescence (TL) intensity was found to be much enhanced in the 1000 degrees C calcined sample. The increase of PL and TL intensity with calcination temperature is attributed to the decrease of the nonradiative recombination probability, which occurs through the elimination of quenching defects. The trap parameters (E, b, s) were estimated from Chen's glow peak shape method and are discussed in detail for their possible usage in dosimetry.

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Structural, Photoluminescence, and Thermo luminescence Properties of Y2O3:Eu3+ Nanophosphor

A q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q-ROFS), an extension of the Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS) and intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS), is very helpful in representing vague information that occurs in real-world circumstances. The intention of this article is to introduce several aggregation operators in the framework of q-rung orthopair fuzzy numbers (q-ROFNs). The key feature of q-ROFNs is to deal with the situation when the sum of the qth powers of membership and non-membership grades of each alternative in the universe is less than one. The Einstein operators with their operational laws have excellent flexibility. Due to the flexible nature of these Einstein operational laws, we introduce the q-rung orthopair fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (q-ROFEWA) operator, q-rung orthopair fuzzy Einstein ordered weighted averaging (q-ROFEOWA) operator, q-rung orthopair fuzzy Einstein weighted geometric (q-ROFEWG) operator, and q-rung orthopair fuzzy Einstein ordered weighted geometric (q-ROFEOWG) operator. We discuss certain properties of these operators, inclusive of their ability that the aggregated value of a set of q-ROFNs is a unique q-ROFN. By utilizing the proposed Einstein operators, this article describes a robust multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique for solving real-world problems. Finally, a numerical example related to integrated energy modeling and sustainable energy planning is presented to justify the validity and feasibility of the proposed technique.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/9/2155/pdf

A Robust q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Information Aggregation Using Einstein Operations with Application to Sustainable Energy Planning Decision Management

Nanocomposite films of CeO2 doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) of varying concentrations were prepared by a solution casting technique using nanoparticles synthesized by a solution combustion method. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) confirmed the presence of constituent elements in the composite films. The characterization by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) gave the structure of the CeO2 nanoparticles as cubic fluorite and the size of the nanoparticles in the composites as 6.5–44 nm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) show homogenous dispersion of nanoparticles with increasing size and some agglomeration for concentrations upto 12.5 wt% while the 25 wt% film is radically different showing a tape-like structure in SEM images and a string of beads-like formation of nanoparticles in the HRTEM images. Raman spectra exhibit shifts as well as new bands in the composites confirming structural change and formation of a new material. The UV-Visible spectrum of the composites exhibit a red shift in the optical band gap with respect to pure PVA and both red and blue shift with respect to nano CeO2 depending on the concentration of the filler. Good absorption in the UV (2.5 wt% and 25 wt%) and visible range (12.5 wt% and 25 wt%) suggest possible use in filters and solar cells. Photoluminescence studies reveal three emission peaks corresponding to the UV region and blue–green regions of the visible range. The maximum PL intensity, nearly equal to that of nano CeO2, was observed for 2.5 wt% films suggesting that this concentration is most suitable for optoelectronic applications.

/pdf/synthesis-characterization-and-optical-properties-of-2d3lmgy3v1.pdf

Synthesis, characterization and optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol–cerium oxide nanocomposite films

Magnesium borate activated by dysprosium (MgB4O7:Dy) is a low-Zeff, tissue-equivalent material that is commonly used for medical dosimetry of ionizing radiations such as gamma and X-rays using the thermoluminescence (TL) technique. Nanocrystals of the same material are produced and their TL characteristics are studied. It is found that the nanocrystalline MgB4O7:Dy with a dopant concentration of 1000 ppm is the most sensitive amongst varying dopant concentrations, with its sensitivity equal to 0.025 times that of the standard phosphor CaSO4:Dy. The glow curve has two peaks at 154 °C and 221 °C. The nanophosphor has very poor sensitivity for low doses up to 10 Gy but beyond this dose the phosphor exhibits a linear response up to 5000 Gy. On increasing the dose further the response first becomes supralinear and then sublinear, finally resulting into saturation. Considering also its low fading particularly under post-irradiation annealing and excellent reusability features, this nanophosphor may be used for high dose (10–5000 Gy) measurements of ionizing radiations. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Nanocrystalline MgB4O7:Dy for high dose measurement of gamma radiation

Nanocrystalline Ba0.97Ca0.03SO4 : Eu having a grain size of 58 nm has been prepared and a comparative study has been done with its corresponding microcrystalline form. The thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve of the nanophosphor has a prominent peak at 161 °C and a very small hump at 225 °C. The TL sensitivity of the nanophosphor is about 0.1 times that of the microphosphor. Kinetics parameters of the TL peaks of the nanophosphor are obtained and are compared with those of the microphosphor. The TL response of the nanophosphor is linear in the dose range 1 Gy–20 KGy, which is much wider than that of its corresponding microcrystalline form. The glow curve shape and structure also do not change in the linear dose range and, since the TL response is linear at higher doses, the nanophosphor is quite well suited for high dose measurements. Photoluminescence emission spectra of the nano- and the microphosphors are also studied and their results correlated with other experimental findings.

Thermoluminescence and photoluminescence study of nanocrystalline Ba0.97Ca0.03SO4 : Eu

Nanoparticles of Ba0.97Ca0.03SO4:Eu have been irradiated by 48 MeV Li3+, 75 MeV C6+, and 90 MeV O7+ ion beams with a fluence range of 1×109−1×1013 ion/cm2. The thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves along with the response curves of this nanophosphor have been investigated and compared with those of the corresponding microcrystalline samples. TL glow curve of the nanophosphor exposed to γ-rays has also been included in the letter with the aim of reporting some of the comparative measurements. The glow curves of the ion-beam irradiated nanomaterials are similar in their shapes to those induced by gamma rays, with a shift in the peak positions to the higher temperature side by around 30 K. The TL intensity of the ion-beam irradiated nanomaterials is found to decrease, while going from low to high atomic number (Z) ions (i.e., Li3+→O7+). Similar trend was also observed in the linearity of the TL response curves. The response curve of Li ion irradiated nanomaterials is sublinear in the whole range of studied flu...

Nanocrystalline Ba0.97Ca0.03SO4:Eu for ion beams dosimetry

The modification of thermoluminescence (TL) and photoluminescence (PL) properties of K2Ca2(SO4)3:Eu nanoparticles by swift heavy ions (SHI), irradiation is studied. Pellets form of the nanomaterials were irradiated by 48 MeV Li3+, 75 MeV C6+, and 90 MeV O7+ ion beams. The fluence range is 1×109−1×1013 ions/cm2. The modification in TL glow curves of the nanomaterials irradiated by Li3+, C6+, and O7+ ion beams are essentially similar to those induced by γ-ray irradiation. These glow curves have single peaks at around 427 K with a small variation in their positions by around ±3 K. The TL intensity of the ion beams irradiated nanomaterials is found to decease, while going from low to high atomic number (Z) ions (i.e., Li3+→O7+). The TL response curve of the pellets irradiated by Li3+ ions is linear in the whole range of studied fluences. The curves for C6+ and O7+ irradiated samples are linear at lower fluences (1×109–1×1012 ion/cm2) and then saturate at higher fluence. These results for the nanomaterials are...

Nanoparticles of K2Ca2(SO4)3:Eu as effective detectors for swift heavy ions

The effects of irradiation by 48 MeV Li 3+ and 150 MeV Ag 12+ ion beams on the thermoluminescence (TL) of BaSO 4 Eu phosphor are studied. Samples in the form of pellets were exposed to different fluences in the range 1 x 10 9 -5 x 10 11 ions cm -2 . The modifications in TL glow curves of the materials irradiated by lithium (Li) and silver (Ag) beams are essentially similar to those induced by γ-ray irradiation. There is a significant variation in the relative intensity between the main glow peak at 497 K and the small shoulder at 465 K. This variation is more dominant in the samples irradiated by Ag ions. This has been attributed to the change in the population of the luminescent/trapping centres (LCs/TCs) during the bombardment by high-energy heavy ions. The relative TL efficiency values of BaSO 4 Eu to 48 MeV Li and 150 MeV Ag ion beams have been measured relative to 0.662 MeV γ-rays of 137 Cs and are found to be 0.374 and 0.0017, respectively. It is found that BaSO 4 Eu phosphor is suitable for recording irradiation from light ions (Li) as well as heavy ions (Ag) as it shows linearity in its TL responses over wide ranges of fluences of ion beams. It is linear in the ranges 1 × 10 9 -1 × 10 11 and 1 × 10 9 -1 × 10 10 ions cm -2 for Li and Ag ion beams, respectively. This property along with its low fading make BaSO 4 : Eu phosphor a good candidate to be used as a dosimeter for cosmic rays and medical applications.

Thermoluminescence of BaSO4 : Eu irradiated with 48 MeV Li3+ and 150 MeV Ag12+ ions

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