Joining cemented carbides and steels is particularly challenging due to the very dissimilar thermal properties that lead to high residual stresses at the interface, where in addition, brittle phases can be formed. An effective carbide-steel joint can unleash the creation of multi-material parts for several applications, and in this sense, it is of utmost importance to develop efficient methods for their fabrication. This work proposes a novel approach, using the high fabrication freedom of laser powder bed fusion technology to additively manufacture 316L stainless steel on a WC-Co substrate, to obtain complex multi-material cutting tools, with dissimilar materials in different locations. Results showed a good bonding between materials, since a dense, well-defined, and capable of withstanding cutting forces interface was obtained. The 316L stainless steel hardness ranges from 238 HV to 302 HV, with a direct correlation being found between the energy density used during laser powder bed fusion and the obtained hardness. This approach was found effective to produce multi-material WC-Co/316L stainless steel cutting tools with good metallurgical bonding and mechanical strength, without the need of adding an interfacial material. 

WC-Co/316L stainless steel joining by laser powder bed fusion for multi-material cutting tools manufacturing

Effect of Ti-rich precipitation on mechanical properties of vanadium alloy after aging treatment

Nanoglasses/nanopolycrystalline (NGNP) composites have emerged as a promising approach to balance the strength and plasticity of metallic glasses. Herein, the shock responses of five Cu50Zr50 NGNP composites are investigated via molecular dynamics simulations under a shock velocity of 0.5 to 2.0 km/s. The simulation results reveal that with an increasing fraction of nanocrystalline grains, the Hugoniot pressure, shear stress, and spall strength of the composites are enhanced, while their atomic strain decreases under shock loading. Additionally, due to the dominant structure type changes from an amorphous structure to a crystal structure, the deformation mechanism transforms from the growth of shear transformation zones to dislocation slip, phase transition, and amorphization as the impact velocity increases. In terms of the spallation, the spall strength of the composites rises initially and then declines due to the competing mechanisms of strain rate hardening and shock-induced softening. 

Tuning dynamic mechanical properties of Cu50Zr50 nanoglasses/ nanopolycrystalline Cu composites investigated by molecular dynamics simulation

For precipitation/matrix coherent interface, the interfacial segregation behavior of solute atom plays a vital role in controlling the effectiveness of precipitation strengthening of the alloy. In this study, first-principles calculations based on density functional theory are used to figure out the interfacial structure of precipitates/vanadium and explain how solute atoms segregate at the interface and affect the interfacial strengthening. Firstly, according to the Baker-Nutting orientation relationship, the equilibrium interface structures are obtained. Meanwhiles, the segregation behavior of solute atoms at the different interfaces in vanadium alloys was studied. It is found that elements Sc, Ti, Y, Zr, Hf, and Ta, in the TiC/V(1 0 0) interface, tend to segregate at the interface, while other ones are not easy to segregate. The alloy elements show the same segregation trend as the TiC/V(1 0 0) interface, except for Nb, which also tends to segregate at the TiC/V(1 1 0) interface. According to the calculation, it is found that the alloying element with the larger atomic size and Voronoi volume is more likely to segregate into the interface, indicating that the atomic size effect dominates alloying element segregation at the two interfaces. The findings of this work can be used to develop theoretical approaches for future alloy designs by controlling alloying element doping. 

Segregation of alloying elements at the TiC/V interface: A first-principles study

To gain insights into the nucleation of H and He bubbles at the precipitate/matrix interface, first-principles calculations have been performed to investigate the trapping and diffusion behaviors of H and He at the TiC/V interface. As for the site preference, the calculation shows that H and He prefer to occupy the V-side tetrahedral site at the interface rather than the center of the interface. Considering the H and He clusters formation, H clusters are more likely to aggregate between the first and second slab, whereas He clusters tend to aggregate at the V matrix of the first slab. The diffusion of H and He across the TiC(110)/V(100) interface demonstrates that H and He atoms can reach the favorable segregation sites at the interface from the V bulk by overcoming energy barriers of 0.23 eV and 0.59 eV, respectively. Meanwhile, trapped H and He atoms are difficult to escape from the interface. H and He atoms are, however, highly susceptible to diffusion along the interface, which means that the diffusion path can act as a fast diffusion channel. Additionally, doping Ti can facilitate the trapping of H and He at the TiC/V interface, with no significant change in the diffusion barrier for H, while reducing the diffusion barrier for He to 0.45 eV. 

First-principles study of hydrogen and helium behavior at the TiC/V interface

This study presents results on the strain rate sensitivity (SRS) of Zr-based metallic glass over a wide range of specimen size (macro and micro) and strain rates (quasi-static and dynamic), and provides information on the correlation among shear band initiate, stress concentration and strain rate in metallic glass. Shear bands readily initiate from stress concentration sites, and metallic glasses are more sensitive to stress concentration at high strain rate. The inevitable stress concentration in bulk metallic glass could result in negative SRS. While its SRS could be enhanced by reducing the stress concentration extent. Even positive SRS could be obtained in micro-pillar metallic glass with little stress concentration. Molecular dynamics simulations show that metallic glass without defects (i.e. stress concentration) exhibits positive SRS, because the atomic mobility is not sufficient for the shear transformation zone operation to initiate a shear band at higher strain rate. 

Strain rate sensitivity in Zr-based metallic glass: Experiments and molecular dynamics study

In a fusion reactor, the connection between the blanket and peripheral components is closely related to heat transfer. Therefore, the sound joining of the structural materials of the blanket and peripheral components, V-4Cr-4Ti and 316 stainless steel (316SS), is of great importance. However, the properties of these joints are restricted by brittle intermetallics. The effect of a Cu interlayer on the formation of brittle intermetallics was studied. After welding, no significant defects (e.g., pores, macrocracks or microcracks) were observed in the welded joints, which showed good weldability. According to the microstructural analysis, it was verified that there were a large number of Cu-rich phases, Fe-rich phases, and a small amount of the σ phase which comprised Fe and Cr in the weld. In the hardness test, the welded joint was divided into hardened and softened zones. The average hardness of the softened zone was approximately 160 HV, while the average hardness of the hardened zone was approximately 292 HV, which was due to the hardening effect caused by a small amount of the σ phase. According to the tensile test results, the introduction of the Cu interlayer improved the strength and elongation of the weld. The ultimate tensile strength and maximum elongation of the weld were 469 ± 3 Mpa and 9.5 ± 0.2%, respectively. The tensile fracture morphology showed that the welded joint was ductile. The correlation between the microstructure and mechanical properties is discussed. 

Controlling intermetallics formation at V-4Cr-4Ti/316SS laser-welded joint

Interface characterization and intermetallic compounds formation mechanism of V-4Cr-4Ti/316SS laser welded joints

Diffusion-assisted growth of periodic patterns on metal surfaces

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