Metamaterials enable the tailoring of properties like dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability. Electromagnetic excitations of metamaterial constituents and their interactions are reviewed, as well as promising future directions. Despite the extraordinary degree of interest in optical metamaterials in recent years, the hoped-for devices and applications have, in large part, yet to emerge. It is becoming clear that the first generation of metamaterial-based devices will most probably arise from their two-dimensional equivalents — metasurfaces. In this Review, we describe recent progress in the area of metasurfaces formed from plasmonic meta-atoms. In particular, we approach the subject from the perspective of the fundamental excitations supported by the meta-atoms and the interactions between them. We also identify some areas ripe for future research and indicate likely avenues for future device development.

/pdf/plasmonic-meta-atoms-and-metasurfaces-1jqu72kpik.pdf

Plasmonic meta-atoms and metasurfaces

In this Letter, we demonstrate highly efficient, polarization-insensitive planar lenses (metalenses) at red, green, and blue wavelengths (λ = 660, 532, and 405 nm). Metalenses with numerical apertures (NA) of 0.85 and 0.6 and corresponding efficiencies as high as 60% and 90% are achieved. These metalenses are less than 600 nm-thick and can focus incident light down to diffraction-limited spots as small as ∼0.64λ and provide high-resolution imaging. In addition, the focal spots are very symmetric with high Strehl ratios. The single step lithography and compatibility with large-scale fabrication processes make metalenses highly promising for widespread applications in imaging and spectroscopy.

/pdf/polarization-insensitive-metalenses-at-visible-wavelengths-1lhcoltytr.pdf

Polarization-Insensitive Metalenses at Visible Wavelengths

During the past few years, metasurfaces have been used to demonstrate optical elements and systems with capabilities that surpass those of conventional diffractive optics. Here, we review some of these recent developments, with a focus on dielectric structures for shaping optical wavefronts. We discuss the mechanisms for achieving steep phase gradients with high efficiency, simultaneous polarization and phase control, controlling the chromatic dispersion, and controlling the angular response. Then, we review applications in imaging, conformal optics, tunable devices, and optical systems. We conclude with an outlook on future potentials and challenges that need to be overcome.

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/nanoph-2017-0129/pdf

A review of dielectric optical metasurfaces for wavefront control

Dielectric metasurfaces built up with nanostructures of high refractive index represent a powerful platform for highly efficient flat optical devices due to their easy-tuning electromagnetic scattering properties and relatively high transmission efficiencies. Here we show visible-frequency silicon metasurfaces formed by three kinds of nanoblocks multiplexed in a subwavelength unit to constitute a metamolecule, which are capable of wavefront manipulation for red, green, and blue light simultaneously. Full phase control is achieved for each wavelength by independently changing the in-plane orientations of the corresponding nanoblocks to induce the required geometric phases. Achromatic and highly dispersive meta-holograms are fabricated to demonstrate the wavefront manipulation with high resolution. This technique could be viable for various practical holographic applications and flat achromatic devices.

Visible-Frequency Dielectric Metasurfaces for Multiwavelength Achromatic and Highly Dispersive Holograms

In the wake of intense research on metamaterials the two-dimensional analogue, known as metasurfaces, has attracted progressively increasing attention in recent years due to the ease of fabrication and smaller insertion losses, while enabling an unprecedented control over spatial distributions of transmitted and reflected optical fields. Metasurfaces represent optically thin planar arrays of resonant subwavelength elements that can be arranged in a strictly or quasi periodic fashion, or even in an aperiodic manner, depending on targeted optical wavefronts to be molded with their help. This paper reviews a broad subclass of metasurfaces, viz. gradient metasurfaces, which are devised to exhibit spatially varying optical responses resulting in spatially varying amplitudes, phases and polarizations of scattered fields. Starting with introducing the concept of gradient metasurfaces, we present classification of different metasurfaces from the viewpoint of their responses, differentiating electrical-dipole, geometric, reflective and Huygens' metasurfaces. The fundamental building blocks essential for the realization of metasurfaces are then discussed in order to elucidate the underlying physics of various physical realizations of both plasmonic and purely dielectric metasurfaces. We then overview the main applications of gradient metasurfaces, including waveplates, flat lenses, spiral phase plates, broadband absorbers, color printing, holograms, polarimeters and surface wave couplers. The review is terminated with a short section on recently developed nonlinear metasurfaces, followed by the outlook presenting our view on possible future developments and perspectives for future applications.

Gradient metasurfaces: a review of fundamentals and applications.

We demonstrate a fabrication breakthrough to produce large-area arrays of vertically aligned silicon nanowires (VA-SiNWs) with full tunability of the geometry of the single nanowires and of the whole array, paving the way toward advanced programmable designs of nanowire platforms. At the core of our fabrication route, termed “Soft Nanoparticle Templating”, is the conversion of gradually compressed self-assembled monolayers of soft nanoparticles (microgels) at a water–oil interface into customized lithographical masks to create VA-SiNW arrays by means of metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE). This combination of bottom-up and top-down techniques affords excellent control of nanowire etching site locations, enabling independent control of nanowire spacing, diameter and height in a single fabrication route. We demonstrate the fabrication of centimeter-scale two-dimensional gradient photonic crystals exhibiting continuously varying structural colors across the entire visible spectrum on a single silicon subs...

Fully Tunable Silicon Nanowire Arrays Fabricated by Soft Nanoparticle Templating.

We have developed multifunctional optical beam shapers based on plasmonic metasurfaces. The metasurfaces are composed of subwavelength-spaced polarization- and wavelength-selective optical nanoantennas that allow encoding several beam shapers on a single element. We demonstrate numerically and experimentally beam shapers that can be used to switch between arbitrary beam shapes. We specifically demonstrate switching between one-dimensional Airy and Gaussian beams, Hermite–Gaussian beams of different orders, and two-dimensional Airy and Bessel beams. These beam shapers can be used as integrated optical elements in applications that require more than one laser beam shape.

https://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~tal/neolab/papers/Avayu_OptLett2014.pdf

Optical metasurfaces for polarization-controlled beam shaping

An array of optical resonators is disclosed The array comprises at least a first type of optical resonators each having a resonant response to an optical field at a first wavelength, and a second type of optical resonators each having a resonant response to an optical field at a second wavelength, being different from the first wavelength The resonant responses can be selected to reduce chromatic aberrations, or to shape a profile of a light beam, or to selectively switch a near field beam

System and method for controlling light

Optical combiners are see through optical components, which fuse a virtual image with the real-world scene, and play a key part in near-to-eye (NTE) visors and head-up displays (HUDs). Several types of optical combiners have been demonstrated in the past1,2. A common combiner scheme consists of a diffraction grating that couples light in and out of a planar waveguide. This combiner is durable, relatively easy to manufacture, and can project high-resolution images. Projecting a full color image, however, is challenging due to large chromatic aberrations, and requires more complex design schemes. In this work, we present an optical combiner, which is based on a planar waveguide with embedded multilayered plasmonic metasurfaces, serving as achromatic diffractive grating couplers. The multilayered metasurface grating couplers are ultra-thin (<500nm) and highly transparent (~90%). We fabricated 1mmX1mm metasurface based gratings using a standard E-beam lithography technique. The grating is designed to diffract only a specific wavelength range in the visible spectrum. Thus, it is possible to stack three layers of such metasurface gratings and couple a full color (RGB) image into a single waveguide, while compensating for the inherent chromatic dispersion of diffractive grating couplers.

Full-color optical combiner based on multilayered metasurface design

An augmented reality display system based on an ultra-thin see-through stacked metasurface near eye visor is proposed. We use the unique capabilities of plasmonic metasurfaces to control light at the subwavelength scale and design a see-through diffractive element that can project a full color image from a micro-display into the eye. This element is comprised of three metasurface layers, each designed to diffract only a specific wavelength and keep the rest of the visible spectrum unaffected. By implementing this layered design we can harness the advantages of diffractive optics and reduce their chromatic aberrations. We present here the design process of the proposed metasurface near eye visor and validate it by fabricating and testing a proof of concept sample.

Ultrathin full color visor with large field of view based on multilayered metasurface design

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