Molecular Regulation of Plant Responses to Environmental Temperatures

Microbiome-Mediated Stress Resistance in Plants.

Plants host a mesmerizing diversity of microbes inside and around their roots, known as the microbiome. The microbiome is composed mostly of fungi, bacteria, oomycetes, and archaea that can be either pathogenic or beneficial for plant health and fitness. To grow healthy, plants need to surveil soil niches around the roots for the detection of pathogenic microbes, and in parallel maximize the services of beneficial microbes in nutrients uptake and growth promotion. Plants employ a palette of mechanisms to modulate their microbiome including structural modifications, the exudation of secondary metabolites and the coordinated action of different defence responses. Here, we review the current understanding on the composition and activity of the root microbiome and how different plant molecules can shape the structure of the root-associated microbial communities. Examples are given on interactions that occur in the rhizosphere between plants and soilborne fungi. We also present some well-established examples of microbiome harnessing to highlight how plants can maximize their fitness by selecting their microbiome. Understanding how plants manipulate their microbiome can aid in the design of next-generation microbial inoculants for targeted disease suppression and enhanced plant growth.

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Modulation of the Root Microbiome by Plant Molecules: The Basis for Targeted Disease Suppression and Plant Growth Promotion

Methodological advances over the past two decades have propelled plant microbiome research, allowing the field to comprehensively test ideas proposed over a century ago and generate many new hypotheses. Studying the distribution of microbial taxa and genes across plant habitats has revealed the importance of various ecological and evolutionary forces shaping plant microbiota. In particular, selection imposed by plant habitats strongly shapes the diversity and composition of microbiota and leads to microbial adaptation associated with navigating the plant immune system and utilizing plant-derived resources. Reductionist approaches have demonstrated that the interaction between plant immunity and the plant microbiome is, in fact, bidirectional and that plants, microbiota, and the environment shape a complex chemical dialogue that collectively orchestrates the plantmicrobiome. The next stage in plant microbiome research will require the integration of ecological and reductionist approaches to establish a general understanding of the assembly and function in both natural and managed environments.

The Plant Microbiome: From Ecology to Reductionism and Beyond.

The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal signal in all eukaryotic cells A fundamental question is how Ca2+, a simple cation, encodes complex information with high specificity Extensive research has established a two-step process (encoding and decoding) that governs the specificity of Ca2+ signals While the encoding mechanism entails a complex array of channels and transporters, the decoding process features a number of Ca2+ sensors and effectors that convert Ca2+ signals into cellular effects Along this general paradigm, some signalling components may be highly conserved, but others are divergent among different organisms In plant cells, Ca2+ participates in numerous signalling processes, and here we focus on the latest discoveries on Ca2+-encoding mechanisms in development and biotic interactions In particular, we use examples such as polarized cell growth of pollen tube and root hair in which tip-focused Ca2+ oscillations specify the signalling events for rapid cell elongation In plant–microbe interactions, Ca2+ spiking and oscillations hold the key to signalling specificity: while pathogens elicit cytoplasmic spiking, symbiotic microorganisms trigger nuclear Ca2+ oscillations Herbivore attacks or mechanical wounding can trigger Ca2+ waves traveling a long distance to transmit and convert the local signal to a systemic defence program in the whole plant What channels and transporters work together to carve out the spatial and temporal patterns of the Ca2+ fluctuations? This question has remained enigmatic for decades until recent studies uncovered Ca2+ channels that orchestrate specific Ca2+ signatures in each of these processes Future work will further expand the toolkit for Ca2+-encoding mechanisms and place Ca2+ signalling steps into larger signalling networks This Review presents recent advances in our understanding of calcium signalling mechanisms, and how calcium channels work together to encode stimulus-specific calcium patterns, to finally elicit changes in cellular responses

Calcium spikes, waves and oscillations in plant development and biotic interactions

Rhizosphere-Associated Pseudomonas Suppress Local Root Immune Responses by Gluconic Acid-Mediated Lowering of Environmental pH

The plant root microbiome consists of commensal, pathogenic and plant-beneficial microbes. Most members of the root microbiome possess microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) similar to those of plant pathogens. Their recognition by the cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors can lead to the initiation of host immune signaling and suppression of plant growth due to growth-defense tradeoffs. We found that 42% of the tested root microbiota, including the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Pseudomonas capeferrum WCS358 (WCS358) and Pseudomonas simiae WCS417, are able to quench local Arabidopsis thaliana root immune responses that were triggered by the synthetic MAMP flg22, suggesting that this is an important function of the root microbiome. In a screen for WCS358 mutants that lost their capacity to suppress flg22-induced CYP71A12pro:GUS MAMP-reporter gene expression, we identified the bacterial genes pqqF and cyoB in WCS358. CyoB and pqqF are required for the production of gluconic acid and its derivative 2-keto gluconic acid. Both WCS358 mutants are impaired in the production of these organic acids and consequently lowered their extracellular pH to a lesser extent than wild-type WCS358. Acidification of the plant growth medium similarly suppressed flg22-induced CYP71A12pro:GUS and MYB51pro:GUS expression as well as the flg22-mediated oxidative burst, suggesting a role for rhizobacterial gluconic acid-mediated modulation of the extracellular pH in the suppression of local root immunity. Rhizosphere population densities of the mutants were significantly reduced compared to wild-type. Collectively, these findings show that suppression of local root immune responses is an important function of the root microbiome, as it facilitates colonization by beneficial root microbiota.

Plant-Beneficial Pseudomonas Spp. Suppress Local Root Immune Responses by Gluconic Acid-Mediated Lowering of Environmental pH

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Rhizosphere-Associated Pseudomonas Suppress Local Root Immune Responses by Gluconic Acid-Mediated Lowering of Environmental pH

Plant-Beneficial Pseudomonas Spp. Suppress Local Root Immune Responses by Gluconic Acid-Mediated Lowering of Environmental pH