This review summarizes fundamental results and discoveries concerning vortex-induced vibration (VIV), that have been made over the last two decades, many of which are related to the push to explore very low mass and damping, and to new computational and experimental techniques that were hitherto not available. We bring together new concepts and phenomena generic to VIV systems, and pay special attention to the vortex dynamics and energy transfer that give rise to modes of vibration, the importance of mass and damping, the concept of a critical mass, the relationship between force and vorticity, and the concept of "effective elasticity," among other points. We present new vortex wake modes, generally in the framework of a map of vortex modes compiled from forced vibration studies, some of which cause free vibration. Some discussion focuses on topics of current debate, such as the decomposition of force, the relevance of the paradigm flow of an elastically mounted cylinder to more complex systems, and the relationship between forced and free vibration.

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Vortex-induced vibrations

A critical review of the intrinsic nature of vortex-induced vibrations

Motions, forces and mode transitions in vortex-induced vibrations at low mass-damping

In this paper, we study the transverse vortex-induced vibrations of an elastically mounted rigid cylinder in a fluid flow. We use simultaneous force, displacement and vorticity measurements (using DPIV) for the first time in free vibrations. There exist two distinct types of response in such systems, depending on whether one has a high or low combined mass–damping parameter (m*ζ). In the classical high-(m*ζ) case, an ‘initial’ and ‘lower’ amplitude branch are separated by a discontinuous mode transition, whereas in the case of low (m*ζ), a further higher-amplitude ‘upper’ branch of response appears, and there exist two mode transitions.To understand the existence of more than one mode transition for low (m*ζ), we employ two distinct formulations of the equation of motion, one of which uses the ‘total force’, while the other uses the ‘vortex force’, which is related only to the dynamics of vorticity. The first mode transition involves a jump in ‘vortex phase’ (between vortex force and displacement), ϕvortex, at which point the frequency of oscillation (f) passes through the natural frequency of the system in the fluid, f ∼ fNwater. This transition is associated with a jump between 2S [harr ] 2P vortex wake modes, and a corresponding switch in vortex shedding timing. Across the second mode transition, there is a jump in ‘total phase’, phis;total , at which point f ∼ fNvacuum. In this case, there is no jump in ϕvortex, since both branches are associated with the 2P mode, and there is therefore no switch in timing of shedding, contrary to previous assumptions. Interestingly, for the high-(m*ζ) case, the vibration frequency jumps across both fNwater and fNvacuum, corresponding to the simultaneous jumps in ϕvortex and ϕtotal. This causes a switch in the timing of shedding, coincident with the ‘total phase’ jump, in agreement with previous assumptions.For large mass ratios, m* = O(100), the vibration frequency for synchronization lies close to the natural frequency (f* = f/fN ≈ 1.0), but as mass is reduced to m* = O(1), f* can reach remarkably large values. We deduce an expression for the frequency of the lower-branch vibration, as follows:formula herewhich agrees very well with a wide set of experimental data. This frequency equation uncovers the existence of a critical mass ratio, where the frequency f* becomes large: m*crit = 0.54. When m* < m*crit, the lower branch can never be reached and it ceases to exist. The upper-branch large-amplitude vibrations persist for all velocities, no matter how high, and the frequency increases indefinitely with flow velocity. Experiments at m* < m*crit show that the upper-branch vibrations continue to the limits (in flow speed) of our facility.

Modes of vortex formation and frequency response of a freely vibrating cylinder

An overview of modeling and experiments of vortex-induced vibration of circular cylinders

: Vortex-induced forces and consequent vibration of long cylindrical structures are important for a large number of engineering applications, while the complexity of the underlying physical mechanisms is such that this is one of the canonical problems of fluid mechanics Vortex shedding force varies in frequency and magnitude along the length of the structure, causing the response at any point to be amplitude-modulated in space and time The focus is on the measurement, via forced-oscillation experiments, of the vortex-induced lift and drag forces acting on circular cylinders undergoing sinusoidal and amplitude- modulated oscillations Basic concepts on vortex formation and vortex-induced vibrations, a review of the existing literature, and details of the experimental apparatus and data processing methods are presented Stationary and sinusoidal oscillation tests are presented Several novel properties are described, among them the role of the lift force phase angle in causing the amplitude-limited nature of VIV, and use of the lift force excitation region in contrast with the often-quoted but quite different lift force lock-in region Next, a comprehensive data error analysis, and a simple VIV prediction scheme are described New data on amplitude-modulated oscillations are presented The concept of control of the mean wake velocity profile via the control of the major vortical feature is explored, with possible applications being the reduction of the in-line wake velocity and alteration of the wake signature

Vortex-Induced Forces on Oscillating Bluff Cylinders

It is shown that a linear hydrodynamic damping term is an intrinsic feature of the vortex-induced vibrations of slender cylinders in the lock-in regime. The damping coefficient can be directly evaluated from experimental measurements of the force acting on a section of the cylinder forced to move in a uniform flow. 

Vortex-induced vibrations in a sheared flow: A new predictive method

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Vortex-Induced Forces on Oscillating Bluff Cylinders

Vortex-induced vibrations in a sheared flow: A new predictive method