Natural flammability properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) seriously limit the use of ABS polymers in industries. Improving the flammability performance of ABS by using halogenated additives has been a very common method in the past. However, with increasing environmental awareness, the use of halogen‐containing additives has been severely limited over time. Therefore, we aimed to use halogen‐free flame‐retardant additives in our study to improve the flame‐retardant properties of ABS. ABS‐based composites containing 20, 25, 30 % aluminum diethyl‐phosphinate (AlPi) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) halogen‐free flame‐retardant additives by weight, were prepared using a twin‐screw extruder. V0 rating according to UL 94 standard for the thickness of 1.5 mm, limiting oxygen index (LOI) value higher than 28 %, and glow wire flammability index of 960 °C were aimed in this study. To improve the LOI values of flame‐retardant ABS composites, pentaerythritol (PER), zinc borate (ZB), and magnesium hydroxide were used. The highest LOI value was obtained to be 28.1 % by using 12.5 wt.% AlPi, 12.5 wt.% APP, 5 wt.% PER and 3 wt.% ZB. The effect of flame retardants on mechanical properties (flexural and tensile properties), impact properties (Izod and Charpy‐notched impact strength), thermal properties, melt flow index, and morphology (scanning electron microscopy) of ABS were also examined.

Development of Halogen‐Free Flame Retardant Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Based Composite Materials

Plastics continue to transform everyday life with their versatility, lightweight, and durability, although the escalating issue of plastic pollution necessitates urgent action. The surge in single-use plastics and a disposable culture worsens this problem, emphasizing the need to reduce plastic production, establish circular material models, and phase out single-use plastic products. 
Addressing the environmental impact of plastics requires the development of technologies enabling more efficient recycling solutions, converting waste plastics into harmless substances. Recycling methods, combining solvent-based recycling and mechanical recycling, are pivotal in this context. 
This study specifically focuses on the solvent-based and mechanical recycling of ABS materials. Wiring devices are prepared using a blend of 70% virgin ABS material and 30% recycled ABS (rABS) material, with this loop repeated three times. The aim is to evaluate the quality and acceptability of products derived from the blend of virgin and recycled ABS material after three times of cycle. Wiring devices, manufactured from mechanically ground broken ABS, undergo rigorous testing in each cycle. The experiments aim to assess the suitability and performance of recycled ABS material for mass production, facilitating an in-depth analysis of the material's life cycle. The mechanical test results demonstrate favorable outcomes for the recycled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (rABS) materials, indicating comparable performance to the reference ABS virgin grade. While a marginal reduction in impact strength and tensile strength is observed when juxtaposed with the reference ABS virgin grade, the overall mechanical characteristics of rABS, remain consistent through successive recycling loops. These findings underscore the viability and resilience of rABS materials, positioning them as promising candidates for sustainable and environmentally conscious applications within the realm of polymer engineering. Through these efforts, the study contributes to sustainable plastic management practices, aligning with the broader goal of mitigating plastic pollution and promoting a more environmentally conscious approach. 
 

Evaluating Combination of Solvent-Based Recycling and Mechanical Recycling of ABS Materials for Mitigating Plastic Pollution and Promoting Environmental Consciousness

Fly ash (FA), a lighter combustion by-product in coal-based thermal power plants, mainly consists of aluminosilicates with traces of toxic heavy metals, which are posing severe problems in terms of disposal and storage. Better utilization of this valuable resource can be done by incorporating it as a filler in various polymer matrix composites. In this chapter, the reinforcing effects of FA in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer have been studied, including the impact of particle size, filler volume fraction, and surface treatments/modifications. Comparative analysis revealed that the surface treatment of FA with a silane coupling agent enhanced strength and thermal stability over untreated FA. In a further study, key theoretical models for predicting mechanical, viscoelastic, and rheological properties related to FA-based polymer composites have been examined for their suitability. Recent works on various polymer matrices incorporating FA as a filler are compared to determine the potential of FA as a cost-effective alternative filler. 

Fly ash-reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites

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Fly ash-reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites