https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/4045/1/Brukas_et_at_1999_Discount_rate_manuscript.pdf

Discount rate and harvest policy: implications for Baltic forestry

India has vast tracts of wastelands. Afforestation of these wastelands is one of the many alternative uses of such lands. Given the scarcity of capital in India, it becomes imperative to determine the economics and financial feasibility of wastelands afforestation projects. The studies reviewed in this paper deal with cost and financial feasibility analysis of wastelands afforestation projects in India. The main rationale behind this review is to examine the prospects of increasing investments in the afforestation projects. This also has a global significance, since afforestation augments carbon sequestration, which has become an exigency in view of externalities associated with global warming. The study uses review of existing literature and regression analysis as analytical tools. The review reveals that reclamation of wastelands through afforestation is not an expensive venture in India. Afforestation projects are financially viable even when no environmental benefits are taken into consideration. The results of the study suggest that polluting companies/countries should explore the possibility of investing in afforestation in India to gain carbon credits economically, once the parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change decide to approve it. The studies reviewed reveal that researchers have used different sets of criteria for financial feasibility analysis of the afforestation projects. Almost all the studies have ignored non-market benefits of afforestation projects. Such methodological differences need to be addressed in view of the increasing importance of plantations as carbon sinks. Some socioeconomic issues like investment in tree crops vis-a-vis agricultural crops, preference for mixed plantation and wastelands development as a means of resource development have also emerged from this review.

Economics of wastelands afforestation in India, a review

India has over 100 m ha (million hectares) of village common lands. De jure, these lands are owned by the state but, de facto, they are used in common by villagers. Most of the village commons are degraded and denuded and are almost nonproductive. Several attempts have been made in the recent past to restore them through planting of trees by governmental and non-governmental organizations. Tree Growers' Co-operative Societies (TGCS), as an organisational innovation of relatively recent origin, have proved to be more cost-effective than other forms of organisations engaged in greening the village commons in India. This paper attempts to assess the financial viability of tree plantations carried out by three selected TGCS and to distil lessons of their experience useful for policy purposes. The study revealed that plantations founded by the sample TGCS were financially viable, and that the plantations had transformed the desolate village commons into ‘green wealth’. The authors conclude that the TGCS have a high potential as an instrument for promoting the afforestation of India's degraded village common lands and thereby improving village economy and the quality of the environment.

Tree plantations for restoration of degraded lands and greening of India: a case study of tree growers' cooperatives

Environmental impacts of forestry projects are often ignored in benefit-cost analysis (DCA), primarily due to lack of hard data on them. The valuation of environmental impacts and their inclusion in BCA is all the more important in developing countries where deforestation is causing a major environmental damage. In this article, a BCA is conducted for the community afforestation scheme in the Ramganga catchment in Western Himalayas of India. The article briefly reviews the various methods of valuing different environmental impacts of forestry projects with special reference to the scheme, and provides the social BCA of the scheme using a simple method of accounting for environmental impacts as suggested by some forest economists in situations where objective assessments of the same are not available. Results of the study suggest that social BCA helps improve the ranking of forestry projects under ceteris paribus conditions. 'Authors acknowledge the help received in preparing this paper from the Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. A slightly different version of this paper has been presented in the International Con­ ference on Environmental Impact analysis in Developing Countries held at New Delhi, 1988.

Incorporating Environmental Impacts of Afforestation in Project Appraisal: A Case Study of Western Himalayas, India

Trends in Inter-State Inequality in the Performance of Co-Operative Marketing Societies in India

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Trends in Inter-State Inequality in the Performance of Co-Operative Marketing Societies in India