Nine nuclear interactions, observed in a stack of nuclear emulsions, are analyzed in the center-of-mass system. The angular distribution of secondary particles is isotropic for primary energy, E p , up to several tens of GeV. The distribution shows an appreciable forward-backward collimation for E p ≃200 GeV. The average energy of a produced pion is 0.48 GeV. The number of pions at the total energy less than 0.21 GeV is fairly small. The energy spectrum can be represented by a power law with exponent -2 for the middle region of pion energy. An inspection of experimental results so far published shows that the corresponding exponent for \(E_{p}{\gtrsim}1400\) GeV is -1. The mechanism of multiple production probably changes between 200 and 1400 GeV, and does not differ markedly from severel GeV to 200 GeV.

Nucleon-Nucleon Interactions of Energy around 100 Gev

Nuclear interactions produced by protons of energy 6.2 GeV in nuclear emulsions have been analysed to deduce information regarding some of the characteristics of proton-nucleon collisions. 703 disintegrations have been obtained by « along the track » scanning. Accurate measurements of multiple scattering and of grain density have been made on favourable tracks of relativistic secondary particles; using these measurements it has been possible to identify the particles up to the highest energies involved. It is found from this investigation that in collisions of protons of energy 6.2 GeV with nucleons:a) the mean charged pion multiplicity is 1.51±0.18;b) the mean inelasticity is 0.43, and is, within errors, independent of the total multiplicityns;c) the nucleons recoiling in the C.M. system are very strongly collimated symmetrically in the forward and backward directions;d) the mesons created in the collision also show an appreciable amount of forward-backward collimation in the C.M. system.

Some characteristics of inelastic proton-nucleon collisions produced by protons of energy 6.2 GeV in nuclear emulsions

An approximate calculation of the ground-level highenergy mu meson intensities is presented, with curves showing peculiar maxima in the angular vicinity from about 55 to 754 deg with respect to the vertical at ground-level energies from about 60 to 160 Bev. The effects are explained in terms of well known pi meson decay-absorption phenomena high in the earth's atmosphere. (auth)

EFFECTS OF Pi MESON DECAY-ABSORPTION PHENOMENA ON THE HIGH-ENERGY Mu MESON ZENITHAL VARIATION NEAR SEA LEVEL

A nuclear emulsion technique has been used to measure the fluxes of the α-particles of the primary cosmic radiation at three different geographical positions. Two of these determinations were made on the same geomagnetic latitude, one over America, which has been previously reported (1), and the other over England. The two flux values found were unexpectedly significantly different, and this difference could be entirely attributed to the absence over England of those α-particles with energies of less than about 0.65 GeV per nucleon. Measurements on the protons and heavy primary particles detected in those two stacks of emulsions also indicated that the cut-off energy over England at the time of the exposure was between 0.60 and 0.70 GeV per nucleon, instead of the 0.33 GeV per nucleon calculated from the known geomagnetic latitude. Similarly, the data from the American stack suggest that when this was exposed the cut-off energy was less than 0.15 GeV per nucleon. An analysis has been made of the various experimental flux values obtained at different points on the earth’s surface, and it is concluded that the cut-off energies should be calculated, not from the geomagnetic latitudes, but from latitudes which are from four to six degrees lower over Europe, and three or more degrees higher over America.

Observations on the multiply charged particles of the cosmic radiation

We determined thepβ of the secondaries of a high energy jet from scattering measurements. We calculated the angular and momentum distribution in the centre of mass system and we found a good agreement with Heisenberg’s and Wataghin’s theories. We give also the value of the percentage of K-mesons emitted in the nuclear interaction and an estimate of the mean free path for nuclear interactions of the charged π-mesons.

A high energy nuclear interaction

Small local dislocations in processed emulsions give rise to spurious scattering whose effect on tracks is indistinguishable from the multiple scattering produced by coulomb interaction. Because of this effect the atomic number of fast primary cosmic ray nuclei will be underestimated in more than 50% of the cases in experiments where multiple scattering of tracks and ionization measurements are employed for charge determination. The spurious scattering was investigated by measuring the track contours of 100 very long tracks due to energetic primary particles; the effect was present in comparable strength in all plates and all types of emulsions which have been investigated. It is too small to affect measurements on medium energy particle tracks (protons with energy below 600 MeV and heavy nuclei with energy below 300 MeV/ nucleon). It dominates, however, other sources or error and noise for tracks of energetic particles although it does not preclude occasional observations of very low scattering values. New methods for measuring various forms of noise have also been developed in the course of this work and the noise level for scattering measurements has been reduced below previously accepted values. Spurious scattering is presumably largely responsible for the discrepancies which appear when one compares the primary charge and energy spectra derived from experiments involving scattering measurements with the corresponding spectra derived from numerous other experiments which employ different techniques. If the experiments based on scattering measurements are omitted, the remaining evidence strongly favours a spectrum in which the energy per nucleon is nearly independent of atomic number for all primaries. It also favours a charge distribution which has a pronounced minimum for charges 3≤ Z≤ 5 and, therefore, yields a fairly low upper limit for the amount of interstellar matter traversed by primary cosmic ray nuclei.

Scattering measurements in nuclear emulsions and their application to measuring the charge of primary cosmic ray nuclei

On the composition and properties of shower particles produced in high energy interactions

Production frequency of neutral pi-mesons in high energy interactions

Observations on K-mesons and hyperons

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Scattering measurements in nuclear emulsions and their application to measuring the charge of primary cosmic ray nuclei

On the composition and properties of shower particles produced in high energy interactions

Production frequency of neutral pi-mesons in high energy interactions

Observations on K-mesons and hyperons