Investigations conducted on the identification of predatory spider fauna in maize ecosystem throughout the crop growth, in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2013-2014 yielded around 2821 spiders, belonging to 16 species under 10 genera of 6 families from seedling to maturity stage. Majority of the spiders collected belonged to the families Lycosidae (1671 individuals), Salticidae (459 individuals), Oxyopidae (352 individuals), Gnaphosidae (178 individuals), Corinnidae (96 individuals) and Clubionidae (65 individuals). The predatory spider species dominating in the maize ecosystem included the species Lycosa barnesi , L. pseudoannulata , Pardosa birmanica , Salticus sp. and Hippasa lycosina . Dendrogram analysis of spiders revealed that the families, Clubionidae and Gnaphosidae were closely related when compared to other predatory spider families. Correlation analysis with the weather parameters showed that the predatory spider population had non-significant positive correlation with relative humidity at 14:22 hrs and negative correlation with all other weather parameters viz., maximum temperature, minimum temperature, relative humidity at 07:22 hrs, rainfall, sunshine hours and rainy days.

/pdf/diversity-of-predatory-spider-fauna-in-maize-ecosystem-4q51p7o14m.pdf

Diversity of predatory spider fauna in maize ecosystem.

/pdf/impact-of-abiotic-factors-on-the-incidence-of-major-insect-4t7iym3kiv.pdf

Impact of Abiotic Factors on the Incidence of Major Insect Pests in Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench

Among the different predators, spiders play an important role in the natural suppression of destructive insect pests viz. jassid, aphid, thrips, mites and eggs of many other insect pests infesting vegetable crops. Spider, an important predator in the sub-Himalayan region of north-east India was found very active on different insect pests of lady'sfingers Abelmoschus esculentus(L.) Moench throughout the growing period. The level of population varied from year to year depending on their host and prevailing weather conditions. The important species of spider dominated in the lady'sfingers field are Argiopeluzona, Cryptophoracicatrosa, Hipassapantherina, Oxyopesjavanes and Lycosapseudoannulata. Peak spider activity (3.94 spiders/plant) was recorded in the month of May (20 standard week), when the average temperature, relative humidity and weekly th rainfall were 29.71° C, 80.31 % and 25.35 mm, respectively. However, spider population was very high during April-May and August-September (standard weeks 12-21 and 31-39, respectively).Spider incidence showed insignificant positive correlation (p= 0.05) with average temperature and relative humidity but insignificant negative correlation with weekly total rainfall. This correlation indicated better activity of spider fauna at higher average temperature associated with relative humidity and low rainfall. In early stage of crop growth different insect pests on vegetable crops can be controlled with protective synthetic insecticides but cause harmful effect to the entomophagous insects as well as our environment. From field evaluation of insecticides on lady'sfingers it was revealed that insecticides of biological origin were relatively less harmful tospiders than synthetic ones. The botanical extract, Polygonum hydropiper floral part, the pathogens, Beauveriabassiana (Bals.)Vuillemin and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner caused significant lower killing of the predator (less than 30 %) whereas the synthetic insecticides, profenophos and methomyl caused significantly higher killing (more than 52 %). Botanical and microbial insecticides are bio-pesticides having less or no hazardous effects on bio-agents, human health and the environment and therefore, they can be incorporated in IPM programs and organic farming.

Harmful effect of insecticides in the population dynamics of spiders on lady's fingers Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench at field level

Black gram is an important pulse crop, which observes 30-50 % losses in yield due to insect pest damage. It is crucial to understand the spectrum of pest damaging it in field, and their response to the prevailing environmental conditions. Population dynamics of important insect pests and their correlation with abiotic factors was studied at CCS HAU, Hisar during kharif 2020. The study was carried out from July, 2020 i.e., 30th standard meteorological week (SMW) to October 2020 (39th standard meteorological week). Insect pests whose infestation was recorded during this period includes Bemisia tabaci, Empoasca kerri, Clavigralla gibbosa, Riptortus pedestris, Maruca vitrata and Trichoplusia ni. No infestation of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura was recorded. Natural enemies like Coccinella septumpuctata and spiders were also observed. Out of these, whitefly was observed as most important insect pest causing significant damage to crop. Whitefly incidence commenced in 30th-SMW (19.70 adult/cage) and continued till 39th-SMW (13.35 adult/cage) with its peak population in 31st-SMW (41.75 adult/cage). Rainfall was recorded to be the major factor affecting the population of whitefly adult as significant and negative correlation was reported between the two (r = -0.682*). Further highly significant and negative correlation was observed between spotted pod borer larvae and wind speed (r = -0.792**). This study provides basic understanding about the range of pests damaging crop, and their behavior towards various abiotic factors.

/pdf/population-dynamics-of-important-insect-pests-of-black-gram-pqkkyk0e.pdf

Population dynamics of important insect pests of Black gram and their correlation with abiotic factors

As many as 10 species of insect pests have been recorded in all stages of the okra. Among them, The blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata (Thunberg); grasshopper, Poecilocerus pictus (Fab.); grey weevil, Myllocerus viridanus (Fab.); flea beetle, Nisotra apicefulva (Bryant); aphid, Aphis gossypii (Koch.); leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida); mites, Tetranychus urticae (Koch.); red cotton bug, Dysdercus koenigii (Fab.) were considered as serious defoliators and sucking pests. The fruit borers include Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) Earias vittella (Fab.) and Earias insulana. The population of all insect pests was more abundant on the crop during August to November. A thorough knowledge of seasonal activity of different insect pests determines the predisposing climatic factors affecting their population dynamics. The study was carried out in the Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station Navile, Shivamogga. The observations on aphid, whitefly and leafhopper and natural enemy incidence was carried out simultaneously on 5 randomly selected plants per plot, from upper, middle and lower strata. Aphid population showed negative correlation with maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall and maximum and minimum relative humidity whereas, positive correlation with minimum temperature. Aphidophagous predators like coccinellids appeared more or less with aphid population. The coccinellids showed negative correlation with maximum, minimum and mean temperature, rainfall and maximum and minimum relative humidity. Leafhopper population showed negative correlation with maximum, minimum temperature and maximum and minimum relative humidity whereas positive correlation with rainfall.

https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2019/vol8issue1/PartAQ/8-1-584-645.pdf

Seasonal incidence of sucking insect pests on okra agro-ecosystem

The present experiment was carried out to access the relationship between population fluctuation of natural enemies and abiotic factors in okra agro-ecosystem at the Research Farm, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur (Bihar). From pooled data of two consecutive Kharif seasons i.e. 2018 and 2019 it was inferred that the highest coccinellids population was registered during 35 standard week (4.56 coccinellids/ 5 plant). Thereafter, the population gradually decreases and reached to 1.19 coccinellids/ 5 plant during 41 standard week i.e. end of the crop. Correlation studies of coccinellids population with abiotic factors indicated that the maximum temperature had positive and highly significant effect on coccinellids. While, minimum temperature and relative humidity at 7 hrs showed positive but non-significant effect on coccinellids. The relative humidity at 14 hrs and rainfall had negative and non-significant correlation with coccinellids population. All the weather parameters together governed 49.90 per cent to the coccinellids population build up (R = 0.4990). In case of spider, incidence commenced in 27 th standard week however, the maximum population (3.94 spiders/ 5 plant) was observed in 35 th standard week. Correlation analysis of spider population with abiotic factors exhibited that the maximum temperature had highly significant and Original Research Article Kumar and Singh; CJAST, 40(8): 61-69, 2021; Article no.CJAST.57978 62 positive effect on spider population. Unlike it, minimum temperature and relative humidity at 7 hrs indicated positive and non-significant effect on spider population. However, the effect of relative humidity at 14 hrs and rainfall on spider population was found negative and non-significant. However, all the prevailing weather parameters together contributed 48.23 per cent towards spider incidence (R 2 = 0.4823).

/pdf/population-dynamics-of-natural-enemies-in-okra-agro-utus1dluox.pdf

Population Dynamics of Natural Enemies in Okra Agro-ecosystem in Relation to Abiotic Factors

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Population Dynamics of Natural Enemies in Okra Agro-ecosystem in Relation to Abiotic Factors