Spectroscopy is the study of matter interacting with electromagnetic radiation (e.g., light). The electromagnetic spectrum in Figure 1 illustrates the many different types of electromagnetic radiation, including gamma rays (γ-rays), X-rays, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, visible light, infrared (IR) radiation, microwaves, and radio waves. The frequency (ν) and wavelength (λ) ranges associated with each form of radiant energy are also indicated in Figure 1.

Introduction to Spectroscopy

Vibrational spectroscopy can provide rapid, label-free, and objective analysis for the clinical domain. Spectroscopic analysis of biofluids such as blood components (e.g. serum and plasma) and others in the proximity of the diseased tissue or cell (e.g. bile, urine, and sputum) offers non-invasive diagnostic/monitoring possibilities for future healthcare that are capable of rapid diagnosis of diseases via specific spectral markers or signatures. Biofluids offer an ideal diagnostic medium due to their ease and low cost of collection and daily use in clinical biology. Due to the low risk and invasiveness of their collection they are widely welcomed by patients as a diagnostic medium. This review underscores recent research within the field of biofluid spectroscopy and its use in myriad pathologies such as cancer and infectious diseases. It highlights current progresses, advents, and pitfalls within the field and discusses future spectroscopic clinical potentials for diagnostics. The requirements and issues surrounding clinical translation are also considered.

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Developing and understanding biofluid vibrational spectroscopy: a critical review.

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy occupies a specific spot across the field of bioscience and related disciplines Its characteristics and application potential differs from infrared (IR) or Raman spectroscopy This vibrational spectroscopy technique elucidates molecular information from the examined sample by measuring absorption bands resulting from overtones and combination excitations Recent decades brought significant progress in the instrumentation (eg, miniaturized spectrometers) and spectral analysis methods (eg, spectral image processing and analysis, quantum chemical calculation of NIR spectra), which made notable impact on its applicability This review aims to present NIR spectroscopy as a matured technique, yet with great potential for further advances in several directions throughout broadly understood bio-applications Its practical value is critically assessed and compared with competing techniques Attention is given to link the bio-application potential of NIR spectroscopy with its fundamental characteristics and principal features of NIR spectra

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Bio-Applications

In recent years, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has gained importance for non-invasive or minimally invasive diagnostic applications in cancer. This technology is based on differences of endogenous chromophores between cancer and normal tissues using either oxy-haemoglobin or deoxy-haemoglobin, lipid or water bands, or a combination of two or more of these as diagnostic markers. These marker bands provide a basis for the diagnosis and therapy monitoring of several cancers. Various applications also use advances in NIR fluorescence spectroscopy which is based on exogenous contrast-enhancing agents. In this review the literature published during the last seven years has been assessed. It will provide an overview on the importance of the NIRS tools in cancer pathology, and in the near future it is envisaged to play a crucial role in cancer diagnosis, treatment decisions, and defining therapeutic drug levels.

Recent applications of near-infrared spectroscopy in cancer diagnosis and therapy

Near-infrared spectroscopy for medical applications: Current status and future perspectives.

Detection of structural disorders in colorectal cancer DNA with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

Non-Invasive Measurement of Intraocular Pressure by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Objective: The aim of this study was to report on a new technique for examining aqueous humor. Participants: Aqueous humor samples obtained from 198 patients (cataract: n = 66 eyes; age-related macular degeneration [AMD]: n = 66; diabetic macular edema: n = 66) were in vitro examined by mid infrared spectroscopy. After training and validating the technique, 66 samples were taken for the final independent prediction. Results: In computerized analysis of the spectrometric data, 22 (100%) cataract eyes were diagnosed as the cataract group, 17 (77%) diabetic macular edema eyes were diagnosed as the diabetic macular edema group, and 14 (64%) eyes with AMD were diagnosed as the AMD group. Mid infrared spectrometry could statistically significantly (P = 0.004) differentiate between the 3 study groups. Conclusions: Mid infrared spectroscopic examination of aqueous humor may be able to differentiate eyes with cataract, AMD, or diabetic macular edema.

Infrared Spectroscopic Examination of Aqueous Humor

Near-infrared spectroscopic detection of human colon diverticulitis: A pilot study

Diagnosis of breast cancer with infrared spectroscopy from serum samples

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