Honey bees also known as "Angels of Agriculture" are arguably the most vital insects on the planet. Bee nutrition is an important aspect of colony management. Supplementary feeding is essential for maintaining the strength and health of honey bee colonies, especially during dearth periods. Experiments were conducted to evaluate a suitable, cheaper carbohydrate supplement and its effect on the colony growth of the Asiatic hive bee Apis cerana indica. Four different sugar syrup components, viz., sugar, water, milk and glucose, were combined to form  seven treatments : T1-Sugar: water (1:1), T2-Sugar: water (1:1) + Glucose (2%),T3- Sugar: water (1:1) + Desi cow’s milk (2%),T4- Sugar + water (2:1), T5- Sugar + water (2:1) + Glucose (2%) ,T6- Sugar + water (2:1) + Desi cow’s milk (2%) and T7-Control and evaluated to select honey bee colonies . Among the different sugar syrup feeding treatments, the colonies fed with T2 - Sugar: water (1:1) + Glucose (2%) had a profound effect within a month and the colonies recorded an increase in sealed brood area from 175.66 cm2 to 425.00 cm2, honey store area from 49.00 cm2 to 130.33 cm2, pollen store area from 47. 33 cm2 to 125.33 cm2, adult bee population from 4318.66 bees/colony to 4933.33 bees/colony. The work is new to A. cerana indica. Many of their bee colonies suffer from poor nutrition and absconding during the dearth period. The present study will help the beekeeping farmers maintain these Asiatic honey bee colonies during the starved period and will be useful in income generation.           

Effect of supplementary sugar feeding on colony growth of Asiatic hive bee, Apis cerana indica F.

Melissopalynological analysis of 34 honey samples (17 summer and 17 autumn samples) collected from feral colonies of Indian hive bee (Apis cerana), European bee (Apis mellifera) and rock bee (Apis dorsata) during 2011 – 2015 from the Shimla Hills of Himachal Pradesh (India) was performed. Pollen from plant taxa belonging to 43 families was found in the honey samples. Of 34 honey samples from the Shimla Hills, 18 were unifloral with 12 pollen types as predominant and the remaining 16 samples were multifloral. The predominant pollen plant taxa of summer were Pyrus sp., Malus domestica, Prunus amygdalus, Prunus sp., Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Citrus sp. and Rhododendron arboreum. In autumn, the predominant pollen plant taxa were Leucaena leucocephala, Salvia officinalis, Eriobotrya japonica, Impatiens balsamina and Prinsepia utilis. Melissopalynological analysis of summer honey collected from Summer Hill and Sarahan tagged these as “mad honey”, since Rhododendron pollen was predominant. The pollen spectrum indicated a diverse bee plant flora, which is promising indicator to augment the beekeeping industry in this region.

Wide diversity of pollens in honey samples from Indian Himalayan neighbourhoods: a melissopalynological study

A study was conducted during November, 2021 to evaluate the efficacy of local strains of Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in combination with low-toxicity insecticides at low and high dosages to control fifth-instar larvae in under laboratory condition. The experimental location in Department of Entomology, Nematology Laboratory, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. The use of S. feltiae+Spinosad or chlorantraniliprole caused larvae mortality of over 90% at 96 h and H. bacteriophora+Spinosad or Chlorantraniliprole mortality caused of over 95% mortality at 96 h after treatment at the high dose and may be considered as a least toxic strategy to control fall armyworm. Our results showed that these strains of H. bacteriophora have high pathogenicity against S. frugiperda and have potential for biological control in integrated approaches causing even combination with low-toxicity insecticides at low and high dosages may be considered 90% mortality fifth instar larval of S. frugiperda at 96 h at the high dose as a least toxic strategy to control fall armyworm. The use of S. feltiae+Spinosad or chlorantraniliprole and H. bacteriophora+Spinosad or chlorantraniliprole caused larvae mortality of over 90% high dose and should be included as a least toxic strategy to control fall armyworm. Native strains of entomopathogenic nematodes are active against S. frugiperda shows potential alternative to the severe use of chemical insecticides to control fall armyworm population in corn plantations. 

Evaluation of Indigenous Strains of Entomopathogenic Nematodes, in Combination with Low-Toxicity Insecticides for Control of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)

Beekeeping in Himachal Pradesh is very primitive. Indigenous beekeeping with Apis cerana is an integral part of the social and cultural heritage of rural and tribal communities. Comparative morphological studies have revealed that Himachali bees are smaller than Kashmiri bees. Beekeeping with Apis mellifera is migratory and it helps in increasing the honey production through exploitation of different bee flora thereby providing opportunity for overcoming unfavorable climatic conditions as well as attack of local bee enemies. Comparative studies have revealed that A. mellifera bees were very prone to stinging and were easily distributed as compared to A. cerana which were less excitable and could be safely handled. Major bee enemies of the state include Thai sac brood, Nosema, Europeon Foul Brood, ectoparasitic mites, Wasps, birds and bear. Plectranthus is one of the major honey flow flora for the winter months in Himachal Pradesh.

/pdf/status-of-bee-keeping-in-himachal-pradesh-india-a-review-1679x98p.pdf

Status of bee keeping in Himachal Pradesh, India: A review

Genetic diversity analysis of
 Trialeurodes vaporariorum
 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) populations infesting vegetables in low and mid hills of Himachal Pradesh

Host range expansion of Helicoverpa armigera to apple orchards in the Himalayan region

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Status of bee keeping in Himachal Pradesh, India: A review

Genetic diversity analysis of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) populations infesting vegetables in low and mid hills of Himachal Pradesh

Host range expansion of Helicoverpa armigera to apple orchards in the Himalayan region