Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) such as transactivator of transcription (TAT) peptide have long been explored for promoting in vitro cell penetration and nuclear targeting of various cargos, but their positive charges cause strong nonspecific interactions, making them inapplicable for many in vivo applications. In this work, we used TAT to demonstrate a molecular modification approach for inhibiting nonspecific interactions of CPPs in the bloodstream while reactivating their functions in the targeted tissues or cells. The TAT lysine residues’ amines were amidized to succinyl amides (aTAT), completely inhibiting TAT’s nonspecific interactions in the blood compartment; once in the acidic tumor interstitium or internalized into cell endo/lysosomes, the succinyl amides in the aTAT were quickly hydrolyzed, fully restoring TAT’s functions. Thus, aTAT-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(e-caprolactone) micelles achieved long circulation in the blood compartment and efficiently accumulated and delive...

Acid-Active Cell-Penetrating Peptides for in Vivo Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery

Synthetic polypeptides from the ring-opening polymerization of N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) are one of the most important biomaterials. The unique features of these synthetic polypeptides, including their chemical diversity of side chains and their ability to form secondary structures, enable their broad applications in the field of gene delivery, drug delivery, bio-imaging, tissue engineering, and antimicrobials. In this review article, we summarize the recent advances in the design of polypeptide-based supramolecular structures, including complexes with nucleic acids, micelles, vesicles, hybrid nanoparticles, and hydrogels. We also highlight the progress in the chemical design of functional polypeptides, which plays a crucial role to manipulate their assembly behaviours and optimize their biomedical performances. Finally, we conclude the review by discussing the future opportunities in this field, including further studies on the secondary structures and cost-effective synthesis of polypeptide materials.

Synthetic polypeptides: from polymer design to supramolecular assembly and biomedical application

Cell penetrating peptides: efficient vectors for delivery of nanoparticles, nanocarriers, therapeutic and diagnostic molecules.

Cell membranes with their selective permeability play important functions in the tight control of molecular exchanges between the cytosol and the extracellular environment as the intracellular membranes do within the internal compartments. For this reason the plasma membranes often represent a challenging obstacle to the intracellular delivery of many anti-cancer molecules. The active transport of drugs through such barrier often requires specific carriers able to cross the lipid bilayer. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are generally 5–30 amino acids long which, for their ability to cross cell membranes, are widely used to deliver proteins, plasmid DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides, liposomes and anti-cancer drugs inside the cells. In this review, we describe the several types of CPPs, the chemical modifications to improve their cellular uptake, the different mechanisms to cross cell membranes and their biological properties upon conjugation with specific molecules. Special emphasis has been given to those with promising application in cancer therapy.

Cell Penetrating Peptides as Molecular Carriers for Anti-Cancer Agents.

http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/c3/c3cc38693g/c3cc38693g.pdf

Drug delivery by a self-assembled DNA tetrahedron for overcoming drug resistance in breast cancer cells

The (R-X-R) motif-containing arginine-rich peptides are among the most effective cell-penetrating peptides. The replacement of amide linkages in the (R-X-R) motif by carbamate linkages as in (r-ahx-r)4 or (r-ahx-r-r-apr-r)2 increases the efficacy of such oligomers several-fold. Internalization of these oligomers in mammalian cell lines occurs by an energy-independent process. These oligomers show efficient delivery of biologically active plasmid DNA into CHO-K1 cells.

Highly efficient (R-X-R)-type carbamates as molecular transporters for cellular delivery.

Structural rearrangements and chemical modifications in known cell penetrating peptide strongly enhance DNA delivery efficiency.

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Highly efficient (R-X-R)-type carbamates as molecular transporters for cellular delivery.

Structural rearrangements and chemical modifications in known cell penetrating peptide strongly enhance DNA delivery efficiency.