Mitochondrial dysfunction is a prominent feature of most cardiovascular diseases. Angiotensin (Ang) II is an important stimulus for atherogenesis and hypertension; however, its effects on mitochondrial function remain unknown. We hypothesized that Ang II could induce mitochondrial oxidative damage that in turn might decrease endothelial nitric oxide (NO˙) bioavailability and promote vascular oxidative stress. The effect of Ang II on mitochondrial ROS, mitochondrial respiration, membrane potential, glutathione, and endothelial NO˙ was studied in isolated mitochondria and intact bovine aortic endothelial cells using electron spin resonance, dihydroethidium high-performance liquid chromatography –based assay, Amplex Red and cationic dye fluorescence. Ang II significantly increased mitochondrial H2O2 production. This increase was blocked by preincubation of intact cells with apocynin (NADPH oxidase inhibitor), uric acid (scavenger of peroxynitrite), chelerythrine (protein kinase C inhibitor), NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), 5-hydroxydecanoate (mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels inhibitor), or glibenclamide. Depletion of p22phox subunit of NADPH oxidase with small interfering RNA also inhibited Ang II–mediated mitochondrial ROS production. Ang II depleted mitochondrial glutathione, increased state 4 and decreased state 3 respirations, and diminished mitochondrial respiratory control ratio. These responses were attenuated by apocynin, 5-hydroxydecanoate, and glibenclamide. In addition, 5-hydroxydecanoate prevented the Ang II–induced decrease in endothelial NO˙ and mitochondrial membrane potential. Therefore, Ang II induces mitochondrial dysfunction via a protein kinase C–dependent pathway by activating the endothelial cell NADPH oxidase and formation of peroxynitrite. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction in response to Ang II modulates endothelial NO˙ and &OV0151; generation, which in turn has ramifications for development of endothelial dysfunction.

Abstract 1229: Molecular Mechanisms of Angiotensin II-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Linking Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage and Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction

Underwater wireless communications can be carried out through acoustic, radio frequency (RF), and optical waves. Compared to its bandwidth limited acoustic and RF counterparts, underwater optical wireless communications (UOWCs) can support higher data rates at low latency levels. However, the severe aquatic channel conditions (e.g., absorption, scattering, turbulence, etc.) pose great challenges for UOWCs and significantly reduce the attainable communication ranges, which necessitates efficient networking and localization solutions. Therefore, we provide a comprehensive survey on the challenges, advances, and prospects of underwater optical wireless networks (UOWNs) from a layer by layer perspective which includes: (1) Physical layer issues including propagation characteristics, channel modeling, and modulation techniques (2) Data link layer problems covering link configurations, link budgets, performance metrics, and multiple access schemes; (3) Network layer topics containing relaying techniques and potential routing algorithms; (4) Transport layer subjects such as connectivity, reliability, flow and congestion control; (5) Application layer goals, and (6) Localization and its impacts on UOWN layers. Finally, we outline the open research challenges and point out the prospective directions for underwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localization studies.

/pdf/underwater-optical-wireless-communications-networking-and-4b2y1mfv1m.pdf

Underwater Optical Wireless Communications, Networking, and Localization: A Survey

Blockchain has made an impact on today’s technology by revolutionizing the financial industry through utilization of cryptocurrencies using decentralized control. This has been followed by extending Blockchain to span several other industries and applications for its capabilities in verification. With the current trend of pursuing the decentralized Internet, many methods have been proposed to achieve decentralization considering different aspects of the current Internet model ranging from infrastructure and protocols to services and applications. This paper investigates Blockchain’s capacities to provide a robust and secure decentralized model for Internet. The paper conducts a critical review on recent Blockchain-based methods capable for the decentralization of the future Internet. We identify and investigate two research aspects of Blockchain that provides high impact in realizing the decentralized Internet with respect to current Internet and Blockchain challenges while keeping various design in considerations. The first aspect is the consensus algorithms that are vital components for decentralization of the Blockchain. We identify three key consensus algorithms including PoP, Paxos, and PoAH that are more adequate for reaching consensus for such tremendous scale Blockchain-enabled architecture for Internet. The second aspect that we investigated is the compliance of Blockchain with various emerging Internet technologies and the impact of Blockchain on those technologies. Such emerging Internet technologies in combinations with Blockchain would help to overcome Blockchain’s established flaws in a way to be more optimized, efficient and applicable for Internet decentralization.

/pdf/blockchain-for-decentralization-of-internet-prospects-trends-8v4l9su063.pdf

Blockchain for decentralization of internet: prospects, trends, and challenges

The level of diffusion and implementation of Industry 4.0 all around the world and specifically the state of art in the small and medium enterprises in Italy.

Industry 4.0 in SMEs

The attention devoted to Industry 4.0 by scholars, managers and policy makers has grown exponentially in the last few years. The goal of this paper is to empirically investigate the main barriers and difficulties faced by small and medium sized enterprises in Industry 4.0 implementation. We perform a systematic literature review on the topic and conduct some focus group studies in four countries (USA, Italy, Austria, and Thailand). We identify a set of barriers and obstacles and classified them into six categories: economic-financial, cultural, competencies/resources, technical, legal, and implementation process. The results of the study have significant implications for both scientific research and management practice.

Industry 4.0 Implementation Barriers in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises: A Focus Group Study

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is a form of mobile ad hoc network (MANETs)-where frequent changes in wireless network topology happen due to high mobility of vehicles. Routing of data packets in such highly mobile, multi hopped and without dedicated infrastructure environment is a big research challenges which need to be addressed by existing/proposing new solutions. In the past few years, a lot of research has happened targeting the various scenarios for VANET. The objective of this paper is to provide the details of Vehicular Ad Hoc Network basic architectures, present open research challenges, routing techniques present in literature, bio-inspired approaches towards VANET, applications and simulation tools for VANETs.

VANET: Architectures, research issues, routing protocols, and its applications

The underwater wireless sensor networks is a rapidly growing area of research as it monitors and collects data for environmental studies of seismic monitoring, flocks of underwater robots, equipment monitoring and control, pollution monitoring applications. The main purpose is to create a new set of routing protocols optimized various factors from the major differences in the underwater wireless sensor network and terrestrial network. Energy efficiency plays an important role in underwater wireless communication as underwater sensor nodes are powered by batteries which are difficult to replace or charge once the node is deployed. This paper surveys various routing techniques. Modern research trends focus to improve the performance on various issues like propagation delay, mobility, limited link capacity and limited battery power on the sea ground and sea surface.

A Review of Underwater Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocols and Challenges

Handwritten digit recognition have great impact in the applications of deep learning. Convolutional Neural Network in the deep learning has become one of the major methods and one of the important factors in the various success in recent times and deep learning is used majorly in the area of object recognition. In the paper work, the speech output feature is integrated along with the text output. Convolutional Neural Network model is applied in the image classification. The dataset used to train and test is the MNIST dataset. There are various applications of handwritten digit recognition in the real time. It is applied in detection of vehicle number, reading of bank cheques, the arrangement of letters in the post office.

An Enhanced Handwritten Digit Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Network

Technology is quickly changing the way we interact with the world around us. We are moving towards new networking paradigm which is Internet of Things (IoT), where number of interconnected sensors or smart objects deployed around the world keeps generating data and transmit over the internet to achieve greater value and services. IoT organizations are trying to create new smart devices which are efficient in all the aspects and be more useful to the society. But there are still challenges that threaten to growth of IoT development. This paper presents the basic architecture of IoT along with many challenges that exists and which demands more research, innovative ideas to overcome such barriers for the growth of Internet of Things.

Internet of things and its challenges

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) consist of a different types of sensors, that are placed both at underwater and at the surface. It will perform tasks over a particular area. This can be applicable in various fields such as ocean sampling, environmental monitoring, military application, disaster prevention, and distribution tactical surveillance. Today's recently grown in technology, the need for underwater communication has become more pronounced. But the UWSN communications are characterized by limited battery energy because each node plays the role of an individual router. Therefore, it is very essential to use energy properly and effectively in underwater networks. Through this research we have studied various parameters of UWSN and learnt a lot about this topic. We focused on a protocol that finds the shortest distance vector between the nodes and transmits the data through that path in an energy efficient manner. Also, we have compared the performance of four protocols ERP2R, Leach, DBR and EADA-RAT in terms of delay analysis and energy consumption.

Energy efficient shortest path routing protocol in underwater sensor networks

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