This paper provides a comprehensive review of the domain of physical layer security in multiuser wireless networks. The essential premise of physical layer security is to enable the exchange of confidential messages over a wireless medium in the presence of unauthorized eavesdroppers, without relying on higher-layer encryption. This can be achieved primarily in two ways: without the need for a secret key by intelligently designing transmit coding strategies, or by exploiting the wireless communication medium to develop secret keys over public channels. The survey begins with an overview of the foundations dating back to the pioneering work of Shannon and Wyner on information-theoretic security. We then describe the evolution of secure transmission strategies from point-to-point channels to multiple-antenna systems, followed by generalizations to multiuser broadcast, multiple-access, interference, and relay networks. Secret-key generation and establishment protocols based on physical layer mechanisms are subsequently covered. Approaches for secrecy based on channel coding design are then examined, along with a description of inter-disciplinary approaches based on game theory and stochastic geometry. The associated problem of physical layer message authentication is also briefly introduced. The survey concludes with observations on potential research directions in this area.

/pdf/principles-of-physical-layer-security-in-multiuser-wireless-3w4jvwpgy4.pdf

Principles of Physical Layer Security in Multiuser Wireless Networks: A Survey

The spatial features of emitted wireless signals are the basis of location distinction and determination for wireless indoor localization. Available in mainstream wireless signal measurements, the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) has been adopted in vast indoor localization systems. However, it suffers from dramatic performance degradation in complex situations due to multipath fading and temporal dynamics.Break-through techniques resort to finer-grained wireless channel measurement than RSSI. Different from RSSI, the PHY layer power feature, channel response, is able to discriminate multipath characteristics, and thus holds the potential for the convergence of accurate and pervasive indoor localization. Channel State Information (CSI, reflecting channel response in 802.11 a/g/n) has attracted many research efforts and some pioneer works have demonstrated submeter or even centimeter-level accuracy. In this article, we survey this new trend of channel response in localization. The differences between CSI and RSSI are highlighted with respect to network layering, time resolution, frequency resolution, stability, and accessibility. Furthermore, we investigate a large body of recent works and classify them overall into three categories according to how to use CSI. For each category, we emphasize the basic principles and address future directions of research in this new and largely open area.

https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5541&context=sis_research

From RSSI to CSI: Indoor localization via channel response

Physical layer security (PLS) has emerged as a new concept and powerful alternative that can complement and may even replace encryption-based approaches, which entail many hurdles and practical problems for future wireless systems. The basic idea of PLS is to exploit the characteristics of the wireless channel and its impairments including noise, fading, interference, dispersion, diversity, etc. in order to ensure the ability of the intended user to successfully perform data decoding while preventing eavesdroppers from doing so. Thus, the main design goal of PLS is to increase the performance difference between the link of the legitimate receiver and that of the eavesdropper by using well-designed transmission schemes. In this survey, we propose a conceptual, generic, and expandable framework for classifying the existing PLS techniques against wireless passive eavesdropping. In this flexible framework, the security techniques that we comprehensively review in this treatise are divided into two primary approaches: signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio-based approach and complexity-based approach. The first approach is classified into three major categories: first, secrecy channel codes-based schemes; second, security techniques based on channel adaptation; third, schemes based on injecting interfering artificial (noise/jamming) signals along with the transmitted information signals. The second approach (complexity-based), which is associated with the mechanisms of extracting secret sequences from the shared channel, is classified into two main categories based on which layer the secret sequence obtained by channel quantization is applied on. The techniques belonging to each one of these categories are divided and classified into three main signal domains: time, frequency and space. For each one of these domains, several examples are given and illustrated along with the review of the state-of-the-art security advances in each domain. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of each approach alongside the lessons learned from existing research works are stated and discussed. The recent applications of PLS techniques to different emerging communication systems such as visible light communication, body area network, power line communication, Internet of Things, smart grid, mm-Wave, cognitive radio, vehicular ad-hoc network, unmanned aerial vehicle, ultra-wideband, device-to-device, radio-frequency identification, index modulation, and 5G non-orthogonal multiple access based-systems, are also reviewed and discussed. The paper is concluded with recommendations and future research directions for designing robust, efficient and strong security methods for current and future wireless systems.

Classifications and Applications of Physical Layer Security Techniques for Confidentiality: A Comprehensive Survey

The spatial features of emitted wireless signals are the basis of location distinction and determination for wireless indoor localization. Available in mainstream wireless signal measurements, the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) has been adopted in vast indoor localization systems. However, it suffers from dramatic performance degradation in complex situations due to multipath fading and temporal dynamics. Break-through techniques resort to finer-grained wireless channel measurement than RSSI. Different from RSSI, the PHY layer power feature, channel response, is able to discriminate multipath characteristics, and thus holds the potential for the convergence of accurate and pervasive indoor localization. Channel State Information (CSI, reflecting channel response in 802.11 a/g/n) has attracted many research efforts and some pioneer works have demonstrated submeter or even centimeter-level accuracy. In this article, we survey this new trend of channel response in localization. The differences between CSI and RSSI are highlighted with respect to network layering, time resolution, frequency resolution, stability, and accessibility. Furthermore, we investigate a large body of recent works and classify them overall into three categories according to how to use CSI. For each category, we emphasize the basic principles and address future directions of research in this new and largely open area.

From RSSI to CSI: Indoor Localization via Channel Response, A survey on indoor localization using PHY-layer information

Key generation from the randomness of wireless channels is a promising alternative to public key cryptography for the establishment of cryptographic keys between any two users. This paper reviews the current techniques for wireless key generation. The principles, performance metrics and key generation procedure are comprehensively surveyed. Methods for optimizing the performance of key generation are also discussed. Key generation applications in various environments are then introduced along with the challenges of applying the approach in each scenario. The paper concludes with some suggestions for future studies.

/pdf/key-generation-from-wireless-channels-a-review-3vw6b26ial.pdf

Key Generation From Wireless Channels: A Review

Information theoretic limits for random key generation in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems exhibiting a reciprocal channel response are investigated experimentally with a new three-node MIMO measurement campaign. As background, simple expressions are presented for the number of available key bits, as well as the number of bits that are secure from a close eavesdropper. Two methods for generating secret keys are analyzed in the context of MIMO channels and their mismatch rate and efficiency are derived. A new wideband indoor MIMO measurement campaign in the 2.51- to 2.59-GHz band is presented, whose purpose is to study the number of available key bits in both line-of-sight and nonline-of-sight environments. Application of the key generation methods to measured propagation channels indicates key generation rates that can be obtained in practice for four-element arrays.

http://www.faculty.jacobs-university.de/jwallace/xwallace/pubs/wallace/2010/TIFS10_sec_key_mimo.pdf

Automatic Secret Keys From Reciprocal MIMO Wireless Channels: Measurement and Analysis

There is growing interest in physical-layer key generation schemes that provide very strong or even perfect security in wireless communication systems One such scheme is reciprocal channel key generation, where two nodes quantize reciprocal channel state information to generate keys Although the use of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques is interesting in this case since the number of random parameters available for rapid key generation is increased, MIMO techniques may also provide more information to an eavesdropper This work presents a new MIMO measurement campaign performed in LOS and NLOS indoor environments that studies the correlation of the channel between legitimate users with the eavesdropper channel, revealing what key generation rates can be attained in practice and what fraction of generated key bits are safe from eavesdroppers The effect of eavesdropper separation, number of antennas, eavesdropper advantage, and covariance separability are studied

http://www.faculty.jacobs-university.de/jwallace/xwallace/pubs/wallace/2010/icc10_exp_rckg.pdf

Experimental Investigation of MIMO Reciprocal Channel Key Generation

This paper presented an initial study on the correlation of multiuser shadowing in an indoor environment at 2.55 GHz. The results indicate that although window size plays a strong role in the absolute correlation levels, shadowing is mostly uncorrelated after 2–4 m in this indoor environment, indicating that collaboration will be effective at this or greater separation of secondary nodes. It was also found that autocorrelation of a single moving sensor can be employed instead of multiple moving sensors below 2 m, simplifying the measurement system. Finally, similar shadowing correlation was obtained for a moving primary (versus moving secondaries) as well as near and far primary measurements.

Indoor Shadowing Correlation Measurements for Cognitive Radio Studies

Cross-correlation of multiuser shadowing in an indoor environment at 2.55 GHz is presented, indicating that shadowing is mostly uncorrelated after 2–4 m in the indoor environment. Similar shadowing correlation was obtained for autocorrelation measurements, moving primary (versus moving secondaries), as well as near and far primary measurements.

Experimental characterization of indoor multiuser shadowing for collaborative cognitive radio

This paper has computed the bit error rate (BER) performance of two practical key generation methods CQG and CQA considering Gray coded mapping. An improved efficiency metric was also presented that gives a more realistic indication of key generation performance.

http://www.faculty.jacobs-university.de/jwallace/xwallace/pubs/wallace/2010/icwit10_rckg_ber.pdf

Bit error rate and efficiency analysis of wireless reciprocal channel key generation

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