Introduction: Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) is defined as death of the fetus after the 20th week of gestation. Despite regular monitoring the incidence of IUFD remains high. This study aims to assess the incidence and maternal conditions associated with IUFD over term pregnancies in a twelve-year period. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on a population of women in whom IUFD was diagnosed in a term pregnancy during the period from January 2010 to December 2022. The study was at the Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Clinic Centre of Serbia. The analyses included the number of deliveries, live births, and stillbirths, as well as maternal, fetal, and placental conditions associated with the risk of IUDF. The statistical analysis involved descriptive statistical methods and one sample proportion. Results: The average age of the patients was 30 years. Most patients had secondary and higher education, and 70% of patients had regular pregnancy monitoring; 53.33% were primiparous and pregnancies occurred spontaneously. IUFD mainly occurred in the 39th week of gestation. In total, 38.3% had one to two associated diseases, 5% more than three, and 58.33% were healthy. Recurrence of IUFD was reported by 10% of patients, while 8.33% had a history of spontaneous abortion. Over 80% of placental histopathological findings indicated some pathology (e.g., infarction, infections, placental abruption). Conclusions: The most significant risk factors for IUFD in term pregnancies in our population during the study period were hypertensive syndrome in pregnancy, obesity and gestational diabetes. Pathological findings on the placenta were more common in our study group than is usually reported with infractions of placental tissue being the most common, even in healthy women.

Intrauterine Fetal Death in Term Pregnancy—A Single Tertiary Clinic Study

Introduction: Intrauterine fetal death (IFD) is death of fetus after the 20th week of gestation. Despite regular monitoring, the incidence of IFD remains high. This study aims to assess the incidence and risk factors for IFD in term pregnancies for better prevention and reduction of neonatal morbidity and mortality. &#x0D; Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted with term pregnant women diagnosed with IFD. The analysis included the number of deliveries, live births, and stillbirths. Statistical analysis involves descriptive and analytical statistical methods. &#x0D; Results: Average age was 30 years. Most patients had intermediate and high education, and one-third of patients had regular pregnancy monitoring. 53.33% were primiparous, and pregnancies occurred spontaneously. IFD mainly occurred in the 39th week of gestation. The average birth weight was approximately 3000g. 38.3% had one to two associated diseases, 5% more than three, and 56.7% were healthy. Recurrence of IFD was reported by 10% of patients, while 8.33% had a history of spontaneous abortion. Over 80% of placental histopathological findings indicated some pathology (infarction, infections, abruptio placenta). &#x0D; Conclusion: The most significant risk factors were pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders, obesity, and diabetes, followed by hypothyroidism, maternal tachycardia, and anemia. 

Risk Factors for Intrauterine Fetal Death in Term Pregnancy – a Single Tertiary Clinic Study

Objective: To assess the accuracy of combined measurementof placental thickness and transcerebellar diameter in estimation of fetal gestational age in second trimester.Patients and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at ultrasound unit, department of obstetrics and gynecology,Ain shams University Maternity Hospital in the period betweenJanuary 2020 and March 2020.The population studied included161 pregnant ladies at 14 to 26 weeks.Trans-abdominal ultrasound (Samsung H60, Convex Pro = CV1 = 8MHz - probe 4.9MHz) was used to asses placental thickness and transcerebellardiameter.Results: Our results showed that there is positive correlationbetween Placental thickness and gestational age r= 0.44 whichis highly significant (P value < 0.001). Also highly statisticallysignificant positive correlation between TCD and G.A (P value < 0.001) r= 0.92. Statistical analysis of our results showedthat trans-cerebellar diameter was more accurate than placentalthickness for accurate estimation of gestational age with almostperfect agreement (0.91) between gestational age by last menstrual period and gestational age by trans-cerebellar diameter.Conclusion: Client’s aged 32.8 ±3.4. More than half had primary infertility with mean duration of 4.6 ± 2.4. Female factorinfertility was the commonest cause of infertility. The pregnancy rate per embryo transfer was 36.4%, miscarriage rate was9.1%, while the live rate was 27.3%. The mean VAS scores at1hour, 6 hours, 24 hours and at embryo transfer were 7.1 ± 2.8,4.6 ±1.4, 2.8 ±1.2 and 1.0 ± 0.9 respectively. The mean Likertscore was 2.4 ± 0.9.Conclusion: Both placental thickness and TCD are useful fetalbiometric parameters that can be used for assessment of gestational age. Although placental thickness is positively correlatedto G.A, it is not as accurate as TCD. Unfortunately, combineduse of placental thickness and TCD is not superior to TCDalone in accurate estimation of gestational age.

https://egyfs.journals.ekb.eg/article_170464_145a38942399341ec12b79c811ffd71a.pdf

Placental thickness and Transcerebellar diameter for accurate estimation of gestational age in the second trimester (A cross sectional study)

Objective: To correlate the mean placental thickness with the gestational age estimated by fetal growth parameters in normal singleton pregnancy. 
Study Design: Cross-sectional study. 
Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Quetta Pakistan, from Feb to Aug 2020. 
Methodology: All patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria at the Department of Radiology, Combined Military Hospital Quetta were included. After taking informed written consent and history, transabdominal-ultrasonography using a low frequency 3-5 MHz curved array transducer was done to assess the outcome. 
Result: A total of 100 women with a singleton pregnancy were included. The mean age of women was 28.100 ± 3.349 years. The mean placental thickness (PT) was 29.785 ± 5.700 mm. A significant positive correlation of placental thickness was noted with gestational age with a Pearson Correlation of 0.985 and p-value of 0.001. 
Conclusion: Placental thickness has a linear relationship with gestational age. Placental thickness in millimeters can be an essential parameter for estimating gestational age.

Correlation of Placental Thickness Measured Sonographically with the Gestational Age Estimated by Fetal Growth Parameters in Normal Singleton Pregnancy

Introduction: Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) is not only a medical concern but also a deeply emotional and societal one which affects the intrinsic human desire for healthy and thriving offspring. Therefore, it is important to meticulously identify the potential causal factors contributing to fetal deaths, which will help to ascertain the likelihood of its recurrence, and subsequently, to strategize for prevention or necessary interventions. 
Objectives: The objective of the study is to describe the socio-epidemiological and etiological characteristics ofIUFD.Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar for a duration of 16 months from May 11st, 2022 to August 31st, 2023. All pregnant women who had IUFD with gestational age of 22 weeks and above were included in the study. 
Results: During the study period there were total of 5,404 deliveries and among them 73 deliveries were IUFD (13.5 per 1000 live birth). The majority of IUFD, specifically 37 cases (50.4%), were attributed to unexplained etiology. The most common coexisting condition was hypertensive disorder of pregnancy contributing 20.5% followed by Intra-Uterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) in 11(15.1%) cases. 
Conclusion: There is a significant burden of stillbirths, which will have effect in physical and psychological well-being along with socio-economic impact for grieving parents. Though hypertensive disorder, IUGR and diabetes were the major identified co-morbidities, more than half of the stillbirths were unexplained. This warrants the need of consistent antenatal care (ANC) visits and timely hospital admission for its aversion.

https://bjhs.com.np/bjhs/index.php/bjhs/article/download/475/465

Intrauterine fetal death: A hospital based cross sectional study

Introduction: Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) is unpredictable despite of regular antenatal checkup. Early assessment and timely intervention may reduce the incidence of IUFD. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of IUFD among pregnant women at tertiary care center.
 Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care center from 1st November 2020 to 31st October 2021. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (Registration number: F-NMC/515/076-077). Demographic data were collected using predesigned proforma in pregnant women with intrauterine fetal demise identified before, during labor and delivery.
Results: Among 1441 deliveries, IUFD was found in 81 (5.62%). The highest stillbirth rate occurred in the 3rd trimester between 37 - 42 weeks 41 (50.61%), 85.18% unemployed, 36% were primigravida, 46.91% in 20 – 24 years age group. The commonest obstetric complications encountered were hypertensive disorders at 14.81%, unexplained (13.58%). Macerated stillbirths accounted for 49 (60.49%. Over 85% of the mothers had vaginal delivery while 15% had cesarean section.
Conclusion: A significant portion of IUFD can be prevented by providing patient and community health education for regular antenatal care regarding warning signs during antenatal, hospital delivery, early referral.

Evaluation of Intrauterine Fetal Death at Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

Introductions: Gestational age is estimated on the basis of last normal menstrual period and the measurement of foetal growth parameters by ultrasonography. The lack of accurate recollection of the last menstrual period and dependence of growth parameters on intra-uterine environment, physical and mental well-being of the mother, maternal nutrition and genetic factors leads to the over or under estimation of gestational age. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between placental thicknesses (PT) in normal singleton Nepalese foetuses. Methods: This was a cross sectional study of ultrasound measurement of placental thickness during 2 nd and 3 rd trimester pregnancy from April 2015 to October 2015 at Department of Radiology, Suraksha Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal. All viable singleton uncomplicated pregnancies, history of regular menstruation with known LNMP were included. Microsoft Excel and SPSS 17 were used for data analysis. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used for correlation between placental thickness and gestational age. Statistical tests were two-tailed with p<0.01 as statistical significance. Results: There were 592 pregnant women who met the criteria. Placental thickness increased by 0.86 mm in every week of increase in gestational age. The maximum mean PT of 40.42±1.05 mm was observed at 39 th week. There was a significant positive correlation between placental thickness and gestational age, correlation coefficient r=0.986 (P<0.001). Conclusions: PT was found to be a reliable alternative predictor in calculating gestational age. Measurement of PT should be done routinely during obstetrics ultrasonography. Keywords: antenatal ultrasound,gestational age, placental thickness, singleton pregnancy,

/pdf/placental-thickness-and-its-correlation-to-gestational-age-57czi6hls0.pdf

Placental thickness and its correlation to gestational age in Nepalese woman: a hospital based study

Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is a radiological study done under fluoroscopy to visualize the uterus and lumen of the fallopian tubes as part of assessment for female factor infertility. HSG is a safe and less invasive method of detecting both the tubal and uterine defects. The objective of this study was to find out the incidence of tubal blockage including its site and side diagnosed in subfertile Nepalese. Congenital malformation and surgery related finding of Uterus and fallopian tubes patency are major component of primary and secondary infertile women which is highlighted and compare spectrum role of hysterosalpingography (HSG) findings in both infertile groups were studied. A descriptive cross-sectional study between October 2020 to September 2021, was done at tertiary level hospital of Nepal after taking ethical approval (Ref.F-NMC/516/076-0077)from Institutional Review Committee of National Medical College and Teaching Hospital Birgunj. A total of 116 cases of the infertility meeting the inclusion criteria attending the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of National Medical College, Birgunj were enrolled. Out of 116 cases enrolled, 93 (80%) patients belonged to primary infertility and 23 (20%) were of secondary infertility and 55% of the cases were in the 20-25 years age group. Among the primary infertile subjects, 64% of the cases had bilateral patent tubes, only n=2 of unilateral pathology. Out of total 42 cases of tubal pathology, proximal bilateral tubal pathology had the highest incidence with 40%.

Comparison of hysterosalpingographic evaluation among primary and secondary infertile women at tertiary level hospital of nepal.

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Evaluation of Intrauterine Fetal Death at Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

Placental thickness and its correlation to gestational age in Nepalese woman: a hospital based study

Comparison of hysterosalpingographic evaluation among primary and secondary infertile women at tertiary level hospital of nepal.