The predominant sources of collagen for cosmetic purposes were traditionally derived from bovine and porcine products, such as bones, tendons, and connective tissues. However, these sources are gradually declining in popularity due to their restricted availability, religious constraints, and disease-related concerns. Consequently, there is an urgent necessity to explore alternative sustainable collagen sources. Marine species offer a promising and sustainable supply for alternative collagen sources due to lower risk of disease transmission, freedom from religious restrictions, biocompatibility, lower molecular weight, lower production costs, and simpler absorption by the human body. This review objective highlights to explore potential collagen sources from marine resources (fishes, poriferans, mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, and coelenterates) for cosmetic applications. A variety of marine collagen sources with different extraction techniques will be compared. The study finds that fish by-products, particularly skins and bones, are becoming a very encouraging sustainable collagen source contrasted with other alternatives. They exhibit a significant collagen content, comprising up to 61.26% of their dry weight under acid-soluble collagen (ASC) extraction method. Fish skin and bone-derived collagen is mostly composed of type I collagen and has been proven to possess notable capabilities as an antioxidant, anti-aging, and skin-whitening agent. Therefore, the utilization of marine collagen as a key ingredient in cosmetics promotes responsible sourcing, encourages eco-friendly practices, and fosters a circular economy by making the most of underutilized marine materials. 

Exploring Marine Collagen: Sustainable Sourcing, Extraction Methods, and Cosmetic Applications

The intersection of population growth, resource scarcity, and climate change has created formidable obstacles to ensuring global food security. Simultaneously, a rising consumer demand for safe, nutritious diets has spotlighted the significance of "blue foods," particularly nutrient-rich and easily digestible fish and fish products. Within this context, the by-products of fish processing—comprising skin, viscera, scales, heads, bones, and fins—emerge as valuable reservoirs of proteins. To address the imperative of 'zero waste' and embrace a 'biorefinery for high-value compounds' approach, it becomes crucial to methodically extract and synthesize proteins from these by-products. This not only holds the potential to bolster the global economy but also aligns with environmental sustainability goals, reducing pollution and fostering a trajectory towards sustainable development. This review endeavors to delve into recent literature focusing on the extraction and utilization of proteins from fish by-products obtained by chemical hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, or other methods. In addition, this study will explore the biological activities and applications of these proteins in medical tissue engineering, food, and cosmetics. Extensive research findings highlight the manifold beneficial activities of proteins derived from fish by-products, showcasing their potential in health promotion, disease prevention, and therapeutic interventions. These proteins exhibit a broad spectrum of applications, ranging from health pharmacology to food supplements and pharmaceuticals. However, to comprehensively understand their mechanisms and ascertain their market potential, further in vivo and clinical trials are imperative. This exploration is essential not only to harness the full spectrum of marine resources but also to stimulate the growth of the blue bioeconomy. By unlocking the potential of fish by-products, people can contribute to global sustainable development and foster common prosperity. 

Sustainable utilization of proteins from fish processing by-products: Extraction, biological activities and applications

Due to the excellent quality of protein and other nutrients they provide, marine products are significant sources of nourishment for people. Therefore, the marine food sector is expanding quickly, which leads to an increasing amount of by-product production and the associated environmental issues. Marine by-products include the head, viscera, skin, blood, and bones and are rich in nutritive macromolecules such as proteins. These proteins can be used in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food industries. This review's main objective is to highlight emerging trends in protein recovery applications from fish and seafood by-products, with a particular emphasis on environmentally friendly methods. Therefore, this paper overviews the impacts of protein extraction methods on the extraction rate, energy effectiveness, and protein quality, including microwave, supercritical fluids, pressurized liquid, pulsed electric fields, ultrasound, membrane technology, and steam explosion. All these technologies involve applying energy/pressure in different forms that break down the cell walls and membranes, leading to proteins releasing and the final extraction rate, energy effectiveness, and extract quality characteristics depending on the method used and its pressure/energy intensity. 

Emergent technologies to improve protein extraction from fish and seafood by-products: an overview

Cosmetics have a long history of use for regenerative and therapeutic purposes that are appealing to both genders. The untapped potential of nanotechnology in cosmeceuticals promises enhanced efficacy and addresses the issues associated with conventional cosmetics. In the field of cosmetics, the incorporation of nanomedicine using various nanocarriers such as vesicle and solid lipid nanoparticles significantly enhances product effectiveness and promotes satisfaction, especially in tackling prevalent skin diseases. Moreover, vesicle-fortified serum is known for high skin absorption with the capacity to incorporate and deliver various therapeutics. Additionally, nano-embedded serum-based cosmeceuticals hold promise for treating various skin disorders, including acne and psoriasis, heralding potential therapeutic advancements. This review explores diverse nanotechnology-based approaches for delivering cosmetics with maximum benefits.

Nanomedicine-fortified cosmeceutical serums for the mitigation of psoriasis and acne.

Kulit membutuhkan antioksidan untuk menangkal radikal bebas yang di antaranya berasal dari polusi udara dan paparan sinar ultraviolet. Rumput laut Eucheuma cottonii dan Ulva lactuca dikenal memiliki kandungan antioksidan yang cukup tinggi. Produk perawatan kulit salah satunya serum dapat dijadikan alternatif dalam mengurangi permasalahan pada kulit melalui penambahan bahan aktif dari rumput laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan formulasi terbaik dan pengaruh penambahan E. cottonii dan U. lactuca terhadap karakteristik produk serum wajah melalui parameter uji hedonik, pH, kelembapan, homogenitas, viskositas, dan aktivitas antioksidan. Perlakuan dalam penelitian dibagi menjadi empat, yaitu serum tanpa penambahan filtrat rumput laut (F0), serum dengan penambahan filtrat E. cottonii (F1), serum dengan penambahan filtrat U. lactuca (F2), dan serum kombinasi filtrat E. cottonii dan U. lactuca (F3). Analisis data menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis dan one way ANOVA. Penambahan filtrat E. cottonii dan U. lactuca dapat memengaruhi nilai antioksidan, hedonik, homogenitas, pH, viskositas, dan kelembapan pada produk serum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula serum terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan penambahan filtrat E. cottonii (F1) dengan aktivitas antioksidan (IC50) sebesar 299,29 µg/mL, kelembapan 58,42%, nilai pH 6,25, viskositas 276,71 cP dan paling disukai oleh panelis berdasarkan parameter ketampakan, warna, aroma, tekstur, dan homogenitas.

Karakteristik serum wajah dari sediaan filtrat rumput laut Eucheuma cottonii dan Ulva lactuca

Fish collagen is a good source of protein and essential amino acids. It has a wide range of applications in food manufacturing, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, etc. By-products obtained from fish processing industries are currently used as alternative sources for the production of collagen and gelatin. Hydrolyzed collagen derived from fish skin has properties that are beneficial in cosmetic products. The aim of this study was to: (1) formulate a cosmetic product containing hydrolyzed fish collagen obtained from a by-product of fish processing industries, and other effective ingredients such as vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin B3, (2) evaluate the physicochemical properties and stability of the product, and (3) conduct a facial skin evaluation test wherein volunteers use the product and have their facial skin analyzed. The formulated serum was translucent with low turbidity and had a pH of 7.7, and a viscosity of 1333 cps. The stability of the formulation was good, without any significant change in appearance, pH and viscosity as tested by freeze–thaw cycle testing, and after storage at room temperature for a period of 6 months. Furthermore, the results from the Visia skin analysis instrument revealed that the product was able to enhance facial skin moisture, reduce skin pores and wrinkles, and brighten the skin significantly when regularly used for at least 2 weeks. In conclusion, it was observed that hydrolyzed fish collagen obtained from a by-product of fish processing industries could be a sustainable and suitable material utilized in the production of safe and useful cosmeceutical products.

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Hydrolyzed Fish Collagen Serum from By-Product of Food Industry: Cosmetic Product Formulation and Facial Skin Evaluation

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Hydrolyzed Fish Collagen Serum from By-Product of Food Industry: Cosmetic Product Formulation and Facial Skin Evaluation