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Numerical Heat Transfer And Fluid Flow

Data centers are critical, energy-hungry infrastructures that run large-scale Internet-based services. Energy consumption models are pivotal in designing and optimizing energy-efficient operations to curb excessive energy consumption in data centers. In this paper, we survey the state-of-the-art techniques used for energy consumption modeling and prediction for data centers and their components. We conduct an in-depth study of the existing literature on data center power modeling, covering more than 200 models. We organize these models in a hierarchical structure with two main branches focusing on hardware-centric and software-centric power models. Under hardware-centric approaches we start from the digital circuit level and move on to describe higher-level energy consumption models at the hardware component level, server level, data center level, and finally systems of systems level. Under the software-centric approaches we investigate power models developed for operating systems, virtual machines and software applications. This systematic approach allows us to identify multiple issues prevalent in power modeling of different levels of data center systems, including: i) few modeling efforts targeted at power consumption of the entire data center ii) many state-of-the-art power models are based on a few CPU or server metrics, and iii) the effectiveness and accuracy of these power models remain open questions. Based on these observations, we conclude the survey by describing key challenges for future research on constructing effective and accurate data center power models.

Data Center Energy Consumption Modeling: A Survey

The Growth of Gortler vortices in boundary layers on concave walls is investigated. It is shown that for vortices of wavelength comparable to the boundary-layer thickness the appropriate linear stability equations cannot be reduced to ordinary differential equations. The partial differential equations governing the linear stability of the flow are solved numerically, and neutral stability is defined by the condition that a dimensionless energy function associated with the flow should have a maximum or minimum when plotted as a function of the downstream variable X. The position of neutral stability is found to depend on how and where the boundary layer is perturbed, so that the concept of a unique neutral curve so familiar in hydrodynamic-stability theory is not tenable in the Gortler problem, except for asymptotically small wavelengths. The results obtained are compared with previous parallel-flow theories and the small-wavelength asymptotic results of Hall (1982a, b), which are found to be reasonably accurate even for moderate values of the wavelength. The parallel-flow theories of the growth of Gortler vortices are found to be irrelevant except for the small-wavelength limit. The main deficiency of the parallel-flow theories is shown to arise from the inability of any ordinary differential approximation to the full partial differential stability equations to describe adequately the decay of the vortex at the edge of the boundary layer. This deficiency becomes intensified as the wavelength of the vortices increases and is the cause of the wide spread of the neutral curves predicted by parallel-flow theories. It is found that for a wall of constant radius of curvature a given vortex imposed on the flow can grow for at most a finite range of values of X. This result is entirely consistent with, and is explicable by the asymptotic results of, Hall (1982a).

The nonlinear development of Gortler vortices in growing boundary layers

Life at Low Reynolds Number

Dynamic change of the surface area and topology of elastomers is used as a general, environmentally friendly approach for effectively detaching micro- and macro-fouling organisms adhered on the elastomer surfaces. Deformation of elastomer surfaces under electrical or pneumatic actuation can debond various biofilms and barnacles. The bio-inspired dynamic surfaces can be fabricated over large areas through simple and practical processes. This new mechanism is complementary with existing materials and methods for biofouling control.

Bioinspired Surfaces with Dynamic Topography for Active Control of Biofouling

We use computational modeling to capture the three-dimensional interactions between oscillating, synthetic cilia and a microscopic particle in a fluid-filled microchannel. The synthetic cilia are elastic filaments that are tethered to a substrate and are actuated by a sinusoidal force, which is applied to their free ends. The cilia are arranged in a square pattern, and a neutrally buoyant particle is initially located between these filaments. Our computational studies reveal that, depending on frequency of the beating cilia, the particle can be either driven downward toward the substrate or driven upward and expelled into the fluid above the cilial layer. This behavior mimics the performance of biological cilia used by certain marine animals to extract suspended food particles. The findings uncover a new route for controlling the deposition of microscopic particles in microfluidic devices.

Designing oscillating cilia that capture or release microscopic particles.

http://ceetherm.gatech.edu/Publications/IJHMTPaper_Rajat.pdf

Error estimation in POD-based dynamic reduced-order thermal modeling of data centers

To reduce energy wastage during equipment upgrades that require changing the number of servers inside a rack, this paper investigates the effect of the server population of a rack on air temperatures in a data center facility. A rack-level containment system was implemented and air temperatures in cold and hot aisles with different numbers of servers were measured. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based numerical model is used to study the air flow field. In addition, this paper includes the investigation of the effect of void locations on CPU temperatures. The study reveals that the server population inside a rack has a significant impact on air temperatures.

http://ceetherm.gatech.edu/Publications/ITherm2012.pdf

Effect of rack server population on temperatures in data centers

Kinetics of NH3 Oxidation on Pt/Al2O3: Rate Enhancement and NH3 Inhibition

We developed a Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) based dynamic reduced order model that can predict transient temperature field in an air-cooled data center. A typical data center is modeled as a turbulent convective thermal system with multiple length scales. A representative case study is presented to validate the developed methodology. The model is observed to be capable of predicting the transient air temperature field accurately and rapidly. Comparing with the computational fluid mechanics/heat transfer (CFD/HT) based model, it is revealed that our model is 100x faster without compromising solution accuracy. The developed modeling framework is potentially useful for designing a control system that can regulate flow parameters in a transient data center.Copyright © 2011 by ASME

http://ceetherm.gatech.edu/Publications/DynamicReducedOrderThermalModeling_072011.pdf

Dynamic reduced order thermal modeling of data center air temperatures

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