Phytophagous insects show specialized feeding habits. In general, each species feeds on a restricted range of taxonomically related plant species and in addition limits its feeding to particular plant parts. Most studies on insect-plant rela­ tionships concern pest species in agricultural systems, which do not show the stability of the insect's original ecosystem. In monocultures host plants of high quality are present over large areas. Despite the biased nature of these in­ teractions, some generations of insects are forced to disperse and must find new host plants on which feeding results in growth and reproduction. (182). Host selection in phytophagous insects consists of a sequence of behavioral re­ sponses to an array of stimuli associated with host and nonhost plants. The insects are equipped with sensory receptors enabling them to perceive these stimuli. Plant stimuli involved include in varying proportions visual, mechani­ cal, gustatory, and olfactory characteristics (158). Plant odors have been considered of minor importance in host selection for many insect species, especially those that perform as r-strategists (93). This view needs to be reconsidered because such insects as aphids (21, 121, 122), whiteflies (173), and rice brown planthoppers (117), possess the full equipment of olfactory receptors and are attracted by host plant odors. In the present review selection was made mainly from the literature of the last 20 years. Floral relationships and social insects were excluded. Readers are invited to consult related reviews (49, 145, 158) as well as Dethier (27) for older Iiterature .

/pdf/host-odor-perception-in-phytophagous-insects-51veq4864u.pdf

Host odor perception in phytophagous insects

The Bactrocera dorsalis complex of tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) contains 75 described species, largely endemic to Southeast Asia. Within the complex are a small number of polyphagous pests of international significance, including B. dorsalis sensu stricto, B. papayae, B. carambolae, and B. philippinensis. Most species within the complex were described in 1994 and since then substantial research has been undertaken in developing morphological and molecular diagnostic techniques for their recognition. Such techniques can now resolve most taxa adequately. Genetic evidence suggests that the complex has evolved in only the last few million years, and development of a phylogeny of the group is considered a high priority to provide a framework for future evolutionary and ecological studies. As model systems, mating studies on B. dorsalis s.s. and B. cacuminata have substantially advanced our understanding of insect use of plant-derived chemicals for mating, but such studies have not been applied to help resolve the limits of biological species within the complex. Although they are commonly regarded as major pests, there is little published evidence documenting economic losses caused by flies of the B. dorsalis complex. Quantification of economic losses caused by B. dorsalis complex species is urgently needed to prioritize research for quarantine and management. Although they have been documented as invaders, relatively little work has been done on the invasion biology of the complex and this is an area warranting further work.

/pdf/invasive-phytophagous-pests-arising-through-a-recent-2s6tat2ziy.pdf

Invasive phytophagous pests arising through a recent tropical evolutionary radiation: the Bactrocera dorsalis complex of fruit flies.

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are among the most economically important pest species in the world, attacking a wide range of fruits and fleshy vegetables throughout tropical and sub-tropical areas. These species are such devastating crop pests that major control and eradication programs have been developed in various parts of the world to combat them. The array of control methods includes insecticide sprays to foliage and soil, bait-sprays, male annihilation techniques, releases of sterilized flies and parasitoids, and cultural controls. During the twenty first century there has been a trend to move away from control with organophosphate insecticides (e.g., malathion, diazinon, and naled) and towards reduced risk insecticide treatments. In this article we present an overview of 73 pest species in the genus Bactrocera, examine recent developments of reduced risk technologies for their control and explore Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Programs that integrate multiple components to manage these pests in tropical and sub-tropical areas.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/6/2/297/pdf

An Overview of Pest Species of Bactrocera Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the Integration of Biopesticides with Other Biological Approaches for Their Management with a Focus on the Pacific Region.

Management of fruit flies in the pacific

The phytophagous insects of the Tephritidae family offer different case histories of successful invasions. An example is Bactrocera dorsalis sensu stricto, the oriental fruit fly which has been recognized as a key pest of Asia and the Pacific. It is known to have the potential to establish adventive populations in various tropical and subtropical areas. Despite the economic risk associated with a putative stable presence of this fly, the genetic aspects of its invasion process have remained relatively unexplored. Using microsatellite markers we have investigated the population structure and genetic variability in 14 geographical populations across the four areas of the actual species range: Far East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Area. Results of clustering and admixture, associated with phylogenetic and migration analyses, were used to evaluate the changes in population genetic structure that this species underwent during its invasion process and establishment in the different areas. The colonization process of this fly is associated with a relatively stable population demographic structure, especially in an unfragmented habitat, rich in intensive cultivation such as in Southeast Asia. In this area, the results suggest a lively demographic history, characterized by evolutionary recent demographic expansions and no recent bottlenecks. Cases of genetic isolation attributable to geographical factors, fragmented habitats and/or fruit trade restrictions were observed in Bangladesh, Myanmar and Hawaii. Regarding the pattern of invasion, the overall genetic profile of the considered populations suggests a western orientated migration route from China to the West.

Inferences on the population structure and colonization process of the invasive oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel).

The genus Bactrocera Macquart comprises a large group of some 750 species distributed across the Asia-Pacific and Afrotropical regions. Most of these have been described and revised by Drew (1989), Drew & Hancock (1994) and Drew & Romig (2013, 2022). A taxonomic study of such a large and diverse group of species provides valuable information that can be used in the elucidation of concepts on biogeography and evolution that are presented in this paper. While a wider discussion of this genus and its many complexes of sibling species awaits a future publication, in this paper we discuss the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex in light of current knowledge of biogeography and evolution in the Asia-Pacific region. Within the dorsalis complex, 70 species were recognized in South-East Asia by Drew & Romig (2013) and eight listed for Papua New Guinea and Australia by Drew (1989). Seventy-nine species are now included in this paper. Within this complex, two major groups occur, one with species responding to methyl eugenol and the other to cue lure. The 34 non-cue lure responding group of species are discussed, most of which respond to methyl eugenol and seven of which are recognized as having pest status, namely, B. carambolae Drew & Hancock, B. caryeae (Kapoor), B. dorsalis (Hendel), B. kandiensis Drew & Hancock, B. occipitalis (Bezzi), B. ochroma Drew & Romig and B. papayae Drew & Hancock. An eighth species, Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White is included in this discussion on the basis of its molecular similarity to B. dorsalis. The remaining group of 45 species, mostly cue lure-responding and including the pest species B. pyrifoliae Drew & Hancock and B. syzygii White & Tsuruta, are also discussed. Morphological and ecological data are presented for each pest species and their biosecurity risks assessed. In addition, new data based on further research on the male aedeagus have demonstrated that B. carambolae, B. occipitalis, B. papayae and B. invadens are markedly different from B. dorsalis in the dimensions and shape of the glans and preglans appendix. Based on this evidence, and that presented by Drew & Romig (2016), the withdrawal of B. papayae and B. invadens from synonymy with B. dorsalis by Drew & Romig (2016) remains valid, while the similarity in aedeagus characters between B. papayae and B. philippinensis further supports the synonymisation of these two species. The remainder of the 34 non-cue lure responding species are distributed from the Indian subcontinent, across South-East Asia, Papua New Guinea and north-eastern Australia, some with restricted geographic distributions and specific host plant species. Comments on the reliability of molecular phylogenies in the Dacini are included, with the published mitogenome of 'Dacus longicornis' regarded, on morphological evidence, as data based on a misidentification of Dacus (Mellesis) polistiformis (Senior-White), and the recent synonymy of B. albistrigata (de Meijere) with B. frauenfeldi (Schiner) considered to be based on insufficient evidence.

/pdf/biogeography-speciation-and-taxonomy-within-the-genus-2x845jw6.pdf

Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae).

Fourteen new species of Dacus are described from Cape York Peninsula, northern Queensland: D. (Dacus) bellulus, D. (Pacifodacus) salamander, D. (Bactrocera) absconditus, D. (B.) aeroginosus, D. (B.) antigone, D. (B.) aurantiacus, D. (B.) erubescentis, D. (B.) fuliginus, D. (B.) humilis, D. (B.) peninsularis, D. (B.) perkinsi, D. (B.) romigae, D. (B.) rufofusculus, D. (B.) russeolus. In addition, closely related species are assigned to species complexes and a key provided for the 78 recorded Australian species.

Australian Dacinae (Diptera : Tephritidae): New Species from Cape York Peninsula, a Discussion of Species Complexes and Key to Species

Fifty-two species are placed in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex in Asia, eight of which are considered of economic importance. Twelve species are revised and the following forty new species described: Bactrocera atrifemur, B. bimaculata, B. carambolae, B. cibodasae, B. collita, B. floresiae, B. fulvifemur, B. fuscitibia, B. gombokensis, B. indonesiae, B. infulata, B. irvingiae, B. kanchanaburi, B. kandiensis, B. kinabalu, B. lateritaenia, B. latilineola, B. lombokensis, B. makilingensis, B. malaysiensis, B. melastomatos, B. merapiensis, B. minuscula, B. neocognata, B. neopropinqua, B. osbeckiae, B. papayae, B. penecognata, B. philippinensis, B. pyrifoliae, B. quasipropinqua, B. raiensis, B. sembaliensis, B. sulawesiae, B. sumbawaensis, B. thailandica, B. unimacula, B. usitata, B. verbascifoliae and B. vishnu . A key to species within the complex is presented. Information is given on location of type specimens, host-plants, attractant records and geographic distribution. Lectotypes are designated for B. dorsalis (Hendel), B. mangiferae (Cotes) (a synonym of B. zonata (Saunders)) and B. pedestris (Bezzi).

The Bactrocera dorsalis complex of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) in Asia

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Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae).

Australian Dacinae (Diptera : Tephritidae): New Species from Cape York Peninsula, a Discussion of Species Complexes and Key to Species

The Bactrocera dorsalis complex of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) in Asia