Combine harvesters are widely used worldwide in harvesting many crops, and they have many functions that cover the entire harvesting process, such as cutting, threshing, separating, and cleaning. The threshing drum is the core working device of the combine harvester and plays an influential role in rice threshing efficiency, threshing power requirement, and seed loss. In this study, two structures of rice threshers (conical-shaped and cylindrical-shaped) were tested and evaluated for performance under different thresher rotating speeds of 1100, 1300, and 1500 rpm and different feeding rates of 0.8, 1.1, and 1.4 kg/s. The experiment was designed using the Taguchi method, and the obtained results were evaluated using the same technique. The thresher structure and operating parameters were assessed and optimized with reference to threshing efficiency, required power, and productivity. The obtained results revealed that increasing thresher rotating speed and the feeding rate positively related to threshing efficiency, power, and productivity. The highest efficiency of 98% and the maximum productivity of 0.64 kg/s were obtained using the conical-shaped thresher under a 1500 rpm rotating speed and a feed rate of 1.4 kg/s, whereas the minimum required power of 5.45 kW was obtained using the conical thresher under a rotating speed of 1100 rpm and a feed rate of 0.8 kg/s.

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/2/88/pdf

Longitudinal Axial Flow Rice Thresher Performance Optimization Using the Taguchi Technique

Abstract Millets gained a great attention at the global level in 2023 which is celebrated as the “International Year of Millets” to create awareness to eventually promote consumption and production. An attempt is made here to understand the cultivation and production dynamics of millets as influenced by their demand and supply. We also assess challenges and emerging opportunities to make millets more productive, competitive, and relevant to future farming. Millets registered a 60% decline in area and a 200% rise in productivity, but production has remained the same during the last seven decades. The demand of millets decreased as food due to greater incentives (purchasing grain at a pre‐determined price) and policies (distribution of grains to the public at a subsidized rate) in favor of wheat and rice. Millets would play a greater role in future agriculture due to challenges posed by climate change, limited water supply, and reduced agro‐biodiversity. This would need a much greater intensity of investment in millet research and adequate support as extended to wheat and rice. Increased emphasis on their genetic improvement and agronomic management is required to develop cultivars, using new tools and technologies, with high production potential and adequate environmental adaptation to make millets competitive with other crops. Mainstreaming the nutritional traits in millet breeding is also critically important to develop high‐yielding cultivars with improved grain quality traits. Promoting millet consumption would remain the key issue for increasing their demand as food, feed, and industrial raw materials through policies and awareness programs. Strengthening of value chain will help in diversifying agri‐food production system and creating an ecosystem for millet promotion. 

Production and cultivation dynamics of millets in India

The method of primary processing of coffee is a vital determinant of quality and price. Wet processing method produces higher quality beans but is very labourious. This work outlines the design of a small scale, cost-effective, ergonomic, and easily maintained and operated coffee hulling machine that can improve quality and productivity of green coffee beans. The machine can be constructed from locally available materials at a relatively low cost of about NGN 140,000.00 with cheap running cost. The beaters are made from rubber strip which can deflect when in contact with any obstruction causing little or no stresses on drum members and reducing the risk of damage to both the beans and machine. The machine is portable and detachable which make it fit to be owned by a group of farmers who can move it from one farm to the other, making affordability and running cost easier. The easily affordable and relatively low running cost may be further reduced by the fact that the machine is powered by 3.0 Hp petrol engine, which is suitable for other purposes among the rural dwellers. The eventual construction of the machine will encourage more farmers to go into wet processing of coffee and reduce the foreign exchange hitherto lost to this purpose.

/pdf/design-of-a-small-scale-hulling-machine-for-improved-wet-98pkubh8gb.pdf

Design Of A Small-Scale Hulling Machine For Improved Wet-Processed Coffee.

Performance of a Yanmar DB 1000 mechanised paddy thresher was comparatively assessed against manual threshing by impact method using a locally-made wooden box for Amankwatia and AGRA rice varieties under farmer’s field conditions at Nobewam in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The mechanised thresher was evaluated at various threshing drum speeds (550 rpm, 600 rpm and 650 rpm) and feeding rates (200 kgh –1 , 400 kgh –1 and 600 kgh –1 ). Results showed that threshing was satisfactory at grain moisture content between 16.9% w.b. and 18.0% w.b. for both rice varieties. Threshing efficiency increased from 94.6% to 95.8% with no significant difference observed whereas cleaning efficiency decreased significantly from 84.2% to 81.6% with increasing feed rate irrespective of rice variety. Again, threshing efficiency increased with increasing drum rotational speed, irrespective of feed rate and rice variety. Percentage broken grain and grain loss both increased with increasing peripheral drum speed and paddy feed rate irrespective of rice variety. Average fuel consumption, physical energy requirement and threshing capacity increased significantly with increasing drum speed and feed rate. Crop moisture content and shattering ability influenced the threshing efficiency, threshing capacity, grain loss, broken grain, fuel and physical energy requirement at threshing. AGRA rice variety generally performed better than Amankwatia under both mechanical and manually threshing methods. Mechanised threshing was significantly better at reducing grain loss and physical energy demand whilst yielding over 200% higher threshing capacity than manual threshing by impact using the wooden box. Mechanised threshing was financially rewarding, yielding over 500% higher profit margin than the manual threshing option. Further research on optimum crop moisture content for improved threshing of different rice varieties is suggested.

/pdf/comparative-evaluation-of-mechanised-and-manual-threshing-1c02drjdla.pdf

Comparative evaluation of mechanised and manual threshing options for Amankwatia and AGRA rice varieties in Ghana

This paper presents the recent advances in finger millet processing technologies (FMPTs). In the last decade, many researchers have worked on FMPTs; however, there is a lack of collective information. Therefore, this study comprehensively reviews the recent developments in FMPTs. The different design, development, and performance aspects of finger millet (FM) threshing, pearling, and cleaning are comprehensively reviewed and discussed in this manuscript. The different technologies associated with FM processing, viz. threshing, pearling, and cleaning, are summarized with their merits, demerits, and constructional details. Furthermore, the different design, and development aspects of these technologies are studied and reported. This comprehensive review on FMPTs helps to identify the research gap and establish a platform for optimum design and development for the future. Additionally, this helps to improve the level of mechanization in FM processing. From the review of existing research, the development trend of FMPTs toward the finger millet thresher-cum-pearler (FMTCP) that performs threshing, pearling, and cleaning operation in a single pass. The current requirement is to develop a lightweight, high-performance, and energy-efficient FMTCP that can operate on a single-phase household power supply.

Finger Millet Threshing and Pearling Technologies in India: a Comprehensive Review

In tribal areas of India, traditional methods of threshing of minor millets like little millet (Panicum sumatrense),
M1, kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), M2, foxtail millet (Setaria italica), M3, proso millet (P. miliaceum),
M4, barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumantacea), M5, finger millet (Eleusine coracana), M6 is done of beating by sticks
or treading out the crop panicle under the feet of oxen. This operation is most time consuming, labour intensive,
drudgery prone, uneconomical, lower output and obtain low quality products. A thresher for these millet crops was
developed and optimization of the operating parameters with little millet was done by using Response surface methodology
(RSM). The optimized parameters were 7.79% (d.b) moisture content, 105 kgh-1 feed rate, 625 rpm cylinder
speed, 5 mm threshing sieve size which gave maximum threshing efficiency of 95.13% and cleaning efficiency of
94.12%. After optimization of parameters the thresher was tested for threshing of all the six minor millets with proper
adjustments of sieve. Threshing capacity of M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and M6 were obtained as 89, 137, 140, 91, 88 and 99
kg/h, respectively with more than 96% threshing efficiency and less than 2% broken grain.

https://journals.ansfoundation.org/index.php/jans/article/download/711/667

Development and evaluation of multi millet thresher

Decision Tree Based IoT Attack Detection in Programmable Data Plane Using P4 Language

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Development and evaluation of multi millet thresher

Decision Tree Based IoT Attack Detection in Programmable Data Plane Using P4 Language