The Social Dynamics of Open Data is a collection of peer reviewed papers presented at the 2nd Open Data Research Symposium (ODRS) held in Madrid, Spain, on 5 October 2016. Research is critical to developing a more rigorous and fine-combed analysis not only of why open data is valuable, but how it is valuable and under what specific conditions. The objective of the Open Data Research Symposium and the subsequent collection of chapters published here is to build such a stronger evidence base. This base is essential to understanding what open data's impacts have been to date, and how positive impacts can be enabled and amplified. Consequently, common to the majority of chapters in this collection is the attempt by the authors to draw on existing scientific theories, and to apply them to open data to better explain the socially embedded dynamics that account for open data's successes and failures in contributing to a more equitable and just society.

The Social Dynamics of Open Data

In less than a decade, the concept of accessing governmental information has been extended beyond mere access to information (via Freedom of information/FOI legislation) to demands for raw digital data, known as Open Government Data (OGD).
The predominant legal orientation in the FOI field has until recently ignored or downplayed the role of organised civil society actors (Nongovernmental Organisations/NGOs) in the literature. On the other hand, in relation to OGD, the level and dynamic interplay of the field has outpaced the capacity of scholars to supply rigorous analysis of OGD developments particularly in relation to NGOs. This thesis seeks to fill that gap in terms of knowledge regarding NGOs working (internationally) on the access to and use of government information and data, as key players in policy diffusion processes.
In particular, the literature shows that ICT has a profound impact on the structure of all organisations. Due to the limited scholarship in these areas (NGOs in FOI and OGD and the impact of ICT in these organisations), elements from the existing research on other aspects of FOI and NGOs are included, together with elements of the impact of ICT in other organisations.
The influence of ICT in these international organisations highlights the differences not only between FOI and OGD but also among organisations.
This thesis presents two different levels of analysis in order to explain the differences not only between the organisation working in FOI and OGD but also the divergences within in each of the fields. After analysing some of the common features of professionalised NGOs, divergences between both fields arise. In that sense, the strong legal background of the main FOI organisations, as well as within individual advocates, influenced the approach to the advocacy and the tools to reach new countries and regions. On the other hand, the critical overview of some of the main international actors in the OGD field demonstrates the clear importance and influence of ICT developments in this area and for these actors. The nature of organisational topics, the structure of the organisations, as well as the vision of their funders, they are all connected to the technological developments of the past couple of decades.
While the analysis of some of the common features allows for the a first level of distinctions between both field, the research on the passage of bureaucratic organisations to post-bureaucratic organisations, borrowed from managerial studies, provides the elements to understand the differences between organisation working in the same field.
While some organisations are organically and intellectually shaped to operate in a digitally dominated environment others are just starting to adapt to this new way of operating. By analysing the crucial impact of ICT in these organisations, the different influence in each of the fields and within them can be clearly understood.

Transformations in international civil society organisations working towards a greater access and use of governmental informational resources

Open data can increase transparency and accountability of a country government, leading to free

information sharing and stimulation of new innovations. This paper analyses government open data policy

as well as open data initiatives and trends in Russian Federation. The OECD analytical framework for

national open government data portals and supporting initiatives is used as the bases for the study. The key

issues of Russian open government data movement are summarized and aggregated. The paper argues the

necessity of systematic development of the open data ecosystem, the leading role of the government in data

release, a deeper business involvement, and a reduction of bureaucratic barriers.

A Survey of Open Government Data in Russian Federation

In less than a decade, the concept of accessing governmental information has been extended beyond mere access to information (via Freedom of information/FOI legislation) to demands for raw digital data, known as Open Government Data (OGD)This paper seeks to fill the gap in terms of knowledge regarding international Non-Governmental Organisations working on the access to and use of governmental information and data, as key players in policy diffusion processes By analysing the crucial impact of ICT in these organisations, the different influence in each of the fields and within them can be clearly understoodWhile the analysis of some of the common features allows for the a first level of distinctions between both field, the research on the passage of bureaucratic organisations to post-bureaucratic organisations, borrowed from managerial studies, provides the elements to understand the differences between organisation working in the same field By analysing the crucial impact of ICT in these organisations, the different influence in each of the fields and within them can be clearly understood

Rethinking the Crucial Impact of ICT in Civil Society Organisations Working in FOI and OGD Fields

Open data can increase transparency and accountability of a country government, leading to free information sharing and stimulation of new innovations. This paper analyses government open data policy as well as open data initiatives and trends in Russian Federation. The OCDE analytical framework for national open government data portals and supporting initiatives is used as the bases for the study. The key issues of Russian open government data movement are summarized and aggregated. The paper argues the necessity of systematic development of the open data ecosystem, the leading role of the government in data release, a deeper business involvement, and a reduction of bureaucratic barriers.

Open Government Data in Russian Federation.

Publishing structured datasets openly, called "open data" is gaining momentum worldwide. Government of India has started an open data initiative with the launch of its own portal. In addition, open data in India is also published by private firms, research institutes and NGOs (Non - Governmental Organizations). Although structured, the datasets do not comply to any a priori defined schema and semantic elements are fragmented across the disparate datasets. We are working on a project in which we aim to semantically aggregate Indian open data. This will help users to browse open data related to an entity and get a one stop entry to all the aspects of that entity. In this paper we discuss a survey conducted as part of this project to get a fair idea of the open data scene in India. This survey helped us to categorize the open data which makes the modeling easier.

A survey of Indian open data

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A survey of Indian open data