Natural product-based herbicides could be the effective alternatives to synthetic chemical herbicides for eco-friendly weed management This research, therefore, was conducted to identify the phytotoxic properties of Parthenium hysterophorus L, Cleome rutidosperma DC and Borreria alata (Aubl) DC with a view to introducing them as a tool for natural herbicide development The methanol extracts of these plants were examined on the germination and growth of Zea mays L, Oryza sativa L, Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench and Amaranthus gangeticus L, Oryza sativa f Spontanea Roshev (Weedy rice), Echinochloa colona (L) Link, Euphorbia hirta L, and Ageratum conyzoides L under laboratory and glasshouse conditions A complete randomized design (CRD) with five replications and randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications were laid out for laboratory and glasshouse experiments, respectively In the laboratory experiment, three plant extracts of 0, 625, 125, 50, and 100 g L−1 were tested on survival rate, hypocotyl, and radicle length of eight test plant species No seed germination of A conzyoides, E hirta, and A gangeticus were recorded when P hysterophorus extract was applied at 50 g L−1 C rutidosperma had the same effect on those plants at 100 g L−1 In the glasshouse, similar extracts and concentrations used in the laboratory experiments were sprayed on at the 2–3 leaf stage for grasses and 4–6 for the broadleaf species Tested plants were less sensitive to C rutidosperma and B alata compared to P hysterophorus extract Among the weeds and crops, A conyzoides, E hirta, A esculentus and A gangeticus were mostly inhibited by P hysterophorus extract at 100 g L−1 Based on these results, P hysterophorus was the most phytotoxic among the tested plant extracts and could be used for developing a new natural herbicide for green agriculture

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/4/643/pdf

Bioherbicidal Properties of Parthenium hysterophorus, Cleome rutidosperma and Borreria alata Extracts on Selected Crop and Weed Species

Utilization of plant allelopathic potential to control weed infestations provides an effective, cost-efficient, labor-free, and environmentally acceptable alternative to traditional chemical and mechanical methods. Conocarpus erectus, known as buttonwood, belongs to the Combretaceae family with high contents of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. There have been no studies on the allelopathic potential of C. erectus. The present study (1) examined the allelopathic potential of C. erectus against selected weeds (Chenopodium murale and Amaranthus viridis) and crops (Solanum lycopersicum and Cucumis sativus) via investigating the growth inhibition ability of its aqueous extract, and (2) identified the potential allelochemicals found in this plant. Aqueous extracts were prepared from leaves, roots, and seeds of C. erectus by immersing the dried powder of the examined plant parts in sterile distilled water for 24 h on a shaker set to 180 rpm. The resulting filtrate was considered as 100% solution, and then dilutions were made to various concentrations (75%, 50%, and 25%). C. erectus leaves and seeds showed the highest rate of inhibition at all concentrations against Chenopodium murale and Amaranthus viridis grown in either Petri dishes or pots. Conversely, all the studied extracts did not show any toxic effects against tomato and cucumber plants grown in pots. In Petri dishes, a slight reduction in growth was observed. HPLC analysis of total phenolic contents in C. erectus methanolic extracts showed that leaves have the highest contents of gallic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid (153.963, 69.135, and 39.801 ppm, respectively). The finding of the current study demonstrated that the part of the plant and the concentration of extraction have a significant effect on phytotoxicity. The positive results of this study might be used to develop environmentally-friendly herbicides for agricultural purposes.

/pdf/natural-control-of-weed-invasions-in-hyper-arid-arable-farms-qq7u233d.pdf

Natural Control of Weed Invasions in Hyper-Arid Arable Farms: Allelopathic Potential Effect of Conocarpus erectus against Common Weeds and Vegetables

Aqueous extract of celery (2.5-20 g l-1, w/v) was evaluated for its phytotoxicity against three weed species, under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Celery extract had a strong inhibitory effect on germination and seedling growth of Corchorus olitorius , Echinochloa crusgalli and Portulaca oleracea seeds. From dose response curves of tested seeds, LC50 were calculated to be in the range from 6.3 to 8.3 g l-1 for germination percent, from 7.2 to 8.0 g l-1 for shoot length and from 1.7 to 3.6 g l-1 for root length. Completely inhibition of root growth was exhibited C. olitorius and P. oleracea at 7.5 g l-1 corresponded with 15 g l-1 for E. crusgalli seed. Total phenolics in celery extract at 20 g l-1 constituted 201 mg l-1. Ten phenolic acids were identified in extract by HPLC, among of them p-coumaric acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were presented in high amounts. Aqueous extract was partitioning between three solvents, hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate. Generally, water residue after partitioning aqueous extract with the three solvents had the most phytotoxic effect on seedling growth of target seeds. In greenhouse trial, foliar spray of aqueous extract of celery (30, 60 and 90 g l-1) and its fractions did not produce any significant effect on growth of two-weeks-old C. olitorius, or E. crusgalli or P. oleracea weeds.

Allelopathic activities of celery extract and its fractions against Corchorus olitorius, Echinochloa crusgalli and Portulaca oleracea weeds

The herbicidal potential of nine phenolic acids including p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic, syringic, vanillic, gallic, salicylic, ferulic, p-coumaric and caffeic acid were evaluated against Corchorus olitorius and Phalaris minor weeds at the concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 mM. The effectiveness of phenolic acids on germination depended on target seed, specific phenolic acid and concentration. The inhibitory effects varied between the two tested seeds, and P. minor was the more sensitive. With few exceptions, phenolic acids at all tested doses did not inhibit seed germination of C. olitorius, but the acids caused great inhibition effects on germination of P. minor. Salicylic acid nearly had a complete inhibition effect on germination of tested seeds when used at 20 mM. P-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, salicylic, vanillic and ferulic acids appeared great inhibition effects on germination of P. minor and nearly had complete inhibition effects when used at high dose. In a greenhouse trial, we found that application of phenolic acids at 5–20 mM did not produce any significant effect on growth on 5‑weeks-old C. olitorius or P. minor plants, after seven days from treatments. The study concluded that phenolic acids had diverse activities on germination and growth of C. olitorius or P. minor weeds.

Suitability of High Doses of Phenolic Acids for Controlling Corchorus Olitorius and Phalaris Minor Weeds

The antifungal activity of fifteen wild plant species grown in the Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia, was investigated against the fungi species Fusarium solani, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata and Stemphylium botryosum at concentrations of 10, 20, 40 and 80 g/L. The inhibitory effect of test extracts varied among examined fungi, and Fusarium solani exhibited the least sensitivity compared to other fungi species. Antifungal activity of the tested extracts was proportional to the applied dose. Extracts of Lactuca virosa, Neurada procumbens, Ochradenus baccatus and Cyperus conglomerates showed relatively low inhibition effects on the fungi species. The most effective plants were Pulicaria undulata, Artemisia monosperma, Prosopis juliflora, Withania somnifera and Rumex vesicarius. At 80 g/L, extracts of these plant species reduced mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea by 16.5–32.2%, of Fusarium solani by 11.1–27.9%, of Alternaria alternaae by 26.9–63.5% and of Stemphylium botryosum by 22–40%. The methanolic extract of the most effective plant species was further fractioned with hexane, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate. The obtained fractions varied in their effects on mycelial growth of the four tested fungi. Using the same fraction resulted in different inhibition effects on mycelial growth of all tested fungi. The antifungal activity of each crude extract tended to be distributed among its three fractions, probably because the bioactive components were also distributed among the fractions.

Screening for Antifungal Potential of Plant Extracts of Fifteen Plant Species Against Four Pathogenic Fungi Species

Herbicidal Activities of Seven Native Plants on the Germination and Growth of Phalaris minor, Echinochloa crusgalli, Portulaca oleracea and Lactuca sativa

Egypt, with its growing population, suffers from a lack of self-sufficiency in important food crops such as wheat and depends on imports from abroad. Therefore, we urgently need to develop agriculture and introduce new crops that help reduce the food gap. Quinoa is a promising new crop introduced to Egypt through the few past years. Molecular and biochemical markers were used to identify the level of polymorphism and to study the genetic relationships among quinoa genotypes. Ten quinoa genotypes characterized by using ten genetic molecular primers (five ISSR and five SRAP markers) as well as protein electrophoresis pattern. The genetic polymorphism analysis revealed that the 10 primers combinations successfully amplified and generated 138 bands of which 88 (64%), were polymorphic across the 10 genotypes. The PIC values for ISSR and SRAP primers combination varied from 0.23 to 0.21 respectively, with an average of 0.22. The general average of MI values was 1.99 for ISSR and SRAP. While, general average of resolving power (RP) was 4.4% for all primer’s combinations . Nei and Li/Dices similarity coefficients ranged from 0.75 to 0.91 for ISSR and SRAP primers combinations. Also , protein electrophoresis showed seven common bands among the ten quinoa genotypes. Egyptian and Black genotypes revealed unique bands at the molecular weights 58 and 44 kDa, respectively. Finally, five polymorphic protein bands produced 42% of polymorphism. Obtained results indicated that molecular and biochemical markers techniques are useful in the establishment of the genetic fingerprinting and estimation of genetic relationships among quinoa genotypes.

SRAP and ISSR genetic markers and seed protein electrophoresis of some quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes

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Herbicidal Activities of Seven Native Plants on the Germination and Growth of Phalaris minor, Echinochloa crusgalli, Portulaca oleracea and Lactuca sativa

SRAP and ISSR genetic markers and seed protein electrophoresis of some quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes