Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) has been observed in a dilute gas of sodium atoms. A Bose-Einstein condensate consists of a macroscopic population of the ground state of the system, and is a coherent state of matter. In an ideal gas, this phase transition is purely quantum-statistical. The study of BEC in weakly interacting systems which can be controlled and observed with precision holds the promise of revealing new macroscopic quantum phenomena that can be understood from first principles.

Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms

We propose and demonstrate a radio-frequency atomic magnetometer with sub-Doppler laser cooled rubidium-87. With a simple and compact design, our system demonstrates a sensitivity of $330~pT/\sqrt{Hz}$ in an unshielded environment, thus matching or surpassing previously reported cold atoms designs. By merging the multiple uses and robustness of radio-frequency atomic magnetometers with the detailed control of laser cooling, our cold atom radio-frequency magnetometer has the potential to move applications of atomic magnetometry to high spatial resolution. Direct impact in metrology for applied sciences, materials characterization, and nanotechnology can be anticipated.

A Cold Atom Radio-Frequency Magnetometer

We report on the design, installation, and test of an experimental facility for the production of ultra-cold atomic isotopes and isomers of cesium. The setup covers a broad span of mass numbers and nuclear isomers, allowing one to directly compare chains of isotopes and isotope/isomer pairs. Cesium nuclei are produced by fission or fusion-evaporation reactions using primary proton beams from a 130 MeV cyclotron impinging upon a suitable target. The species of interest is ejected from the target in ionic form, electrostatically accelerated, mass separated, and routed to a science chamber. Here, ions are neutralized by implantation in a thin foil, and extracted by thermal diffusion. A neutral vapor at room temperature is thus formed and trapped in a magneto-optical trap. Real-time fluorescence imaging and destructive absorption imaging provide information on the number of trapped atoms, their density, and their temperature. Tests with a dedicated beam of 133Cs
+
 ions at 30 KeV energy confirm neutralization, evaporation, and laser cooling to 150 
μ
K, with an average atomic density of 1010 cm−3. Availability of cold and dense atomic samples of Cs isotopes and isomers opens new avenues for high-precision measurements of isotopic and isomeric shifts thereby gaining deeper insight into the nuclear structure, as well as for sensitive measurements of isotopes’ concentration ratios in trace quantities. The facility also constitutes the core for future experiments of many-body physics with nuclear isomers.

/pdf/a-facility-for-production-and-laser-cooling-of-cesium-13x1745azx.pdf

A facility for production and laser cooling of cesium isotopes and isomers

The development of an experimental apparatus to produce Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of ⁸⁷Rb atoms and their application to magnetometry are discussed. Optical detection of atomic Larmor precession is a widely explored method for high-sensitivity measurements of magnetic fields. In this context, short laser/atom interaction time, atomic thermal diffusion and decoherence effects are among the main limitations. In this thesis, we overcome such problems by using spin-polarised ⁸⁷Rb ultra-cold atoms as the sensing element. After the atoms are polarised, a resonant pulse of radio-frequency excites Larmor precession, which is sensitive to external magnetic fields. By measuring the perturbations of the radio-frequency induced spin precession, information on the magnetic fields of interest. This is achieved by monitoring the polarisation plane’s rotation of a linearly polarised resonant laser probe. In the first part of this thesis, the building and optimisation of a laser-cooling set up to obtain a BEC in a hybrid trap is reported. In order to achieve the Phase Space Density (PSD) required for BEC, several different stages of trapping and cooling are necessary. Each phase has been implemented and optimised. The first step consists in the magneto-optical trap (MOT). Here a velocity dependent damping force and a spatially dependent confining force give the largest changes in PSD. Then atoms are loaded into a hybrid trap obtained by overlapping a quadrupole magnetic potential and a far detuned optical crossed dipole trap. The final stage for the condensation consists of forced evaporative cooling, both via magnetic and optical evaporation. In the second part of the thesis, a general overview of the principles of optical atomic magnetometry is provided and the advantages of using ultra-cold atoms with respect to conventional thermal vapours are discussed. The implementation, operation and a preliminary characterisation of the ultra-cold atom magnetometer are described along with the preliminary results collected. Finally, a plan for future improvements of its sensitivity is presented.

Ultra-cold atomic magnetometry: realisation and test of a ⁸⁷Rb BEC for high-sensitivity magnetic field measurements

We propose and demonstrate a radio-frequency atomic magnetometer with sub-Doppler laser cooled rubidium-87. With a simple and compact design, our system demonstrates a sensitivity of 330 pT / Hz in an unshielded environment, thus matching or surpassing previously reported cold atom designs. By merging the multiple uses and the robustness of radio-frequency atomic magnetometers with the detailed control of laser cooling, our cold atom radio-frequency magnetometer has potential for moving applications of atomic magnetometry to high spatial resolutions. A direct impact in metrology for applied sciences, materials characterization, and nanotechnology can be anticipated.We propose and demonstrate a radio-frequency atomic magnetometer with sub-Doppler laser cooled rubidium-87. With a simple and compact design, our system demonstrates a sensitivity of 330 pT / Hz in an unshielded environment, thus matching or surpassing previously reported cold atom designs. By merging the multiple uses and the robustness of radio-frequency atomic magnetometers with the detailed control of laser cooling, our cold atom radio-frequency magnetometer has potential for moving applications of atomic magnetometry to high spatial resolutions. A direct impact in metrology for applied sciences, materials characterization, and nanotechnology can be anticipated.

A cold atom radio-frequency magnetometer

We present a compact experimental apparatus for Bose-Einstein condensation of 87Rb in the |F  =  2, mF = + 2〉 state. A pre-cooled atomic beam of 87Rb is obtained by using an unbalanced magneto-optical trap, allowing controlled transfer of trapped atoms from the first vacuum chamber to the science chamber. Here, atoms are transferred to a hybrid trap, as produced by overlapping a magnetic quadrupole trap with a far-detuned optical trap with crossed beam configuration, where forced radiofrequency evaporation is realized. The final evaporation leading to Bose-Einstein condensation is then performed by exponentially lowering the optical trap depth. Control and stabilization systems of the optical trap beams are discussed in detail. The setup reliably produces a pure condensate in the |F = 2, mF = + 2〉 state in 50 s, which includes 33 s loading of the science magneto-optical trap and 17 s forced evaporation.

Compact setup for the production of 87Rb |F = 2, mF = + 2〉 Bose-Einstein condensates in a hybrid trap

We present a compact experimental apparatus for Bose-Einstein condensation of $^{87}$Rb in the $|F = 2, m_F = +2\rangle$ state. A pre-cooled atomic beam of $^{87}$Rb is obtained by using an unbalanced magneto-optical trap, allowing controlled transfer of trapped atoms from the first vacuum chamber to the science chamber. Here, atoms are transferred to a hybrid trap, as produced by overlapping a magnetic quadrupole trap with a far-detuned optical trap with crossed beam configuration, where forced radiofrequency evaporation is realized. The final evaporation leading to Bose-Einstein condensation is then performed by exponentially lowering the optical trap depth. Control and stabilization systems of the optical trap beams are discussed in detail. The setup reliably produces a pure condensate in the $|F = 2, m_F = +2\rangle$ state in 50 s, which include 33 s loading of the science magneto-optical trap and 17 s forced evaporation.

Compact setup for the production of $^{87}$Rb $|F = 2, m_F = +2\rangle$ Bose-Einstein condensates in a hybrid trap

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Compact setup for the production of 87Rb |F = 2, mF = + 2〉 Bose-Einstein condensates in a hybrid trap

Compact setup for the production of $^{87}$Rb $|F = 2, m_F = +2\rangle$ Bose-Einstein condensates in a hybrid trap