The development of near-field optics theory is reviewed. We first recall that near-field optics is not limited to near-field microscopy. Broadly speaking, it concerns phenomena involving evanescent electromagnetic waves. The importance of such waves was ignored for a long time in optical and surface physics until the emergence of scanning near-field optical microscopes. Taking evanescent waves into account prevents the use of any simple approximation in the set of Maxwell's equations. The various theoretical approaches of near-field optics are discussed from the point of view of their ability to assess evanescent electromagnetic waves. We discuss the main results of the application of the various practical schemes which all rely on a numerical procedure. This review was received in February 1996.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/59/5/002/pdf

Near-field optics theories

The long-wave optical modes of vibration in an ionic crystal sphere have been determined, including retardation of the Coulomb forces. These modes, which correspond to coupled excitations of phonons and photons, are also known as polaritons. Their frequencies are complex, the imaginary parts arising from both anharmonic and radiative damping; hence they are virtual modes. It is found that the mode frequencies depend on the radius of the sphere only if retardation is included. The absorption and extinction cross sections for spheres of various sizes are calculated as a function of the frequency of the incident light, and it is shown how the structure in the cross sections is related to the properties of the virtual modes. The theory is used to explain the position and width of an optical absorption peak measured in a polyethylene film containing UO2 particles.

Optical Modes of Vibration in an Ionic Crystal Sphere

Normal Modes of a Semi-Infinite Ionic Crystal

Polar optical-phonon modes are derived analytically for spheroidal quantum dots with wurtzite crystal structure. The developed theory is applied to freestanding spheroidal ZnO quantum dots and to spheroidal ZnO quantum dots embedded into a MgZnO crystal. The wurtzite (anisotropic) quantum dots are shown to have strongly different polar optical-phonon modes in comparison with zincblende (isotropic) quantum dots. The obtained results allow one to explain and accurately predict phonon peaks in the Raman spectra of wurtzite nanocrystals, nanorods (prolate spheroids), and epitaxial quantum dots (oblate spheroids).

/pdf/polar-optical-phonons-in-wurtzite-spheroidal-quantum-dots-2f4qorrloo.pdf

Polar optical phonons in wurtzite spheroidal quantum dots: theory and application to ZnO and ZnO/MgZnO nanostructures

Lattice dynamics of crystal surfaces

Optical Phonons in Finite Crystals

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Optical Phonons in Finite Crystals