A method of making a structure having a patterned a base layer and useful in the fabrication of optical and electronic devices including bioelectronic devices includes, in one embodiment, the steps of: a) providing a layer of a radiation-sensitive resin; b) exposing the layer of radiation-sensitive resin to patterned radiation to form a base layer precursor having a first pattern of exposed radiation-sensitive resin and a second pattern of unexposed radiation-sensitive resin; c) providing a layer of fluoropolymer in a third pattern over the base layer precursor to form a first intermediate structure; d) treating the first intermediate structure to form a second intermediate structure; and e) selectively removing either the first or second pattern of resin by contacting the second intermediate structure with a resin developing agent, thereby forming the patterned base layer. The method is capable of providing multilayer articles having almost any shape at high resolution without the need for expensive or damaging mechanical or laser cutting.

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Organic electrochemical transistor

Photolithographic patterning of organic electronic devices

The concept of chemical orthogonality has long been practiced in the field of inorganic semiconductor fabrication, where it is necessary to deposit and remove a layer of photoresist without damaging the underlying layers. However, these processes involving light sensitive polymers often damage organic materials, preventing the use of photolithography to pattern organic electronic devices. In this article we show that new photoresist materials that are orthogonal to organics allow the fabrication of complex devices, such as hybrid organic/inorganic circuitry and full-colour organic displays. The examples demonstrate that properly designed photoresists enable the fabrication of organic electronic devices using existing infrastructure.

Orthogonal processing: A new strategy for organic electronics

We demonstrate a compact, low cost and practical fluorescence detection system for lab-on-a-chip applications. The system comprises a commercially available InGaN light emitting diode (501 nm) as light source, an organic or silicon photodiode detector, absorptive dye coated colour filters and linear and reflective polarisers. An injection moulded polystyrene microfluidic chip is used as the platform for fluorescence immunoassays for cardiac markers myoglobin and CK-MB. The optical limit of detection (LOD) is measured using a TransFluoSphere® suspension at 5.6 × 104 beads µl−1 which can be equated to ∼3 nM fluorescein equivalent concentration. The LOD for the human plasma immunoassays is measured as 1.5 ng ml−1 for both myoglobin and CK-MB.

Highly sensitive fluorescence detection system for microfluidic lab-on-a-chip

Ternary blends of poly(3-hexylthiophene): Photovoltaic Devices [6,6]-phenyl C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PC(61)BM) and the insulating bulk polymers high-density polyethylene (HDPE), isotactic- and atactic polystyrene (i-PS, a-PS), are investigated. Addition of up to approximate to 50 wt% of the electronically inert, semicrystalline HDPE and i-PS to the organic semiconducting system does not significantly degrade the performance of photovoltaic devices fabricated with these ternary blends.

Organic Semiconductor:Insulator Polymer Ternary Blends for Photovoltaics

We report a new lithographic procedure that enables the patterning of as-received semiconducting polymers and small molecules at the near micron level without causing discernible degradation of the patterned material. The method involves a minimum of processing steps, requires no modification of the active layer, and is compatible with both rigid and flexible substrates. The technique makes use of an intermediate resist layer between the substrate and the active layer, i.e.underneath the active layer, and involves the simultaneous patterning of the resist and active layers in a single expose/develop step. The technique has been successfully applied to the fabrication of flexible ITO-free light-emitting diodes and photodiodes, yielding peak quantum efficiencies of 8.8 cd A−1 and 57% respectively comparable to similar devices fabricated on ITO-coated glass. It is also readily extendible to the patterning on a single substrate of multiple devices incorporating different component materials, e.g. the red, green and blue pixels of a colour display.

Patterning of organic devices by interlayer lithography

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Patterning of organic devices by interlayer lithography