The Large Hadron Collider is working at about half its design value, limited by the defective splices of the magnet interconnections. While the full energy will be attained after the splice consolidation in 2014, CERN is preparing a plan for a Luminosity upgrade (High Luminosity LHC) around 2020 and has launched a pre-study for exploring an Energy upgrade (High Energy LHC) around 2030. Both upgrades strongly rely on advanced accelerator magnet technology, requiring dipoles and quadrupoles of accelerator quality and operating fields in the 11-13 T range for the luminosity upgrade and 16-20 T range for the energy upgrade. The paper will review the last ten year of Nb3Sn accelerator magnet R&D and compare it to the needs of the upgrades and will critically assess the results of the Nb3Sn and HTS technology and the planned R&D programs also based on the inputs of first year of LHC operation.

/pdf/advanced-accelerator-magnets-for-upgrading-the-lhc-38ifdqxace.pdf

Advanced Accelerator Magnets for Upgrading the LHC

s of NCRP reports published since 1980, abstracts of all NCRP commentaries, and the text of all NCRP statements are available at the NCRP website. Currently available publications are listed below.

Radiation Protection for Particle Accelerator Facilities

http://cds.cern.ch/record/483494/files/lhc-project-report-456.pdf

A general model for thermal, hydraulic and electric analysis of superconducting cables

Last year a record central field of 11 T at first excitation at 4.4 K has been achieved with the experimental LHC model dipole magnet MSUT by utilising a high J/sub c/ powder-in-tube Nb/sub 3/Sn conductor. This is the first real breakthrough towards fields well above 10 T at 4 K. The clear influence of magnetisation and coupling currents on the field quality, the quench behaviour and the temperature development in the coils has been measured and is discussed. For application in high-field accelerator magnets (10-15 T dipoles, 300-400 T/m quadrupoles) these experimental results clearly reveal the potential, the present limitations and the necessary improvements of Nb/sub 3/Sn technology with respect to strand, cable and coil design and manufacturing. A brief review of developments in this field is presented. The focus is on accelerator dipole magnets but the key issues for quadrupole magnets are quite similar.

/pdf/application-of-nb-sub-3-sn-superconductors-in-high-field-4y6qhxzs9e.pdf

Application of Nb/sub 3/Sn superconductors in high-field accelerator magnets

In this paper we summarize the evolution and contributions of superconducting magnets to particle accelerators as chronicled over the last 50 years of Particle Accelerator Conferences (PAC, NA-PAC and IPAC). We begin with an historical overview based primarily on PAC Proceedings augmented with references to key milestones in the development of superconducting magnets for particle accelerators. We then provide some illustrative examples of applications that have occurred over the past 50 years, focusing on those that have either been realized in practice or provided technical development for other projects, with discussion of possible future applications.

/pdf/superconducting-magnets-for-particle-accelerators-4310hp8884.pdf

Superconducting Magnets for Particle Accelerators

/pdf/report-of-the-task-force-on-the-incident-of-19th-september-x3vytgor94.pdf

Report of the Task Force on the Incident of 19th September 2008 at the LHC

Six contracts have been placed with industrial companies for the production of 1200 tons of the superconducting (SC) cables needed for the main dipoles and quadrupoles of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In addition, two contracts have been placed for the supply of 470 tons of NbTi and 26 tons of Nb sheets. The main characteristic of the specification is that it is functional. This means that the physical, mechanical and electrical properties of strands and cables are specified without defining the manufacturing processes. Facilities for the high precision measurements of the wire and cable properties have been implemented at CERN, such as strand and cable critical current, copper to superconductor ratio, interstrand resistance, magnetization, RRR at 4.2 K and 1.9 K. The production has started showing that the highly demanding specifications can be fulfilled. This paper reviews the organization of the contracts, the test facilities installed at CERN, the various types of measurements and the results of the main physical properties obtained on the first batches. The status of the deliveries is presented.

/pdf/status-of-the-lhc-superconducting-cable-mass-production-1kht18ndsf.pdf

Status of the LHC superconducting cable mass production

The Minimum Quench Energy (MQE) of a conductor may give some indication about the likelihood of training in magnets We have used a numerical solution of the heat flow equation to calculate the MQE of a single superconducting wire and have found the results to be in good agreement with experiment This model was then extended to an approximate representation of Rutherford cable by including current and heat transfer between strands Reasonable agreement with experiment has been found, although in some cases it appears that the effective thermal contact between strands is greater than expected from electrical resistance measurements

/pdf/calculation-of-minimum-quench-energies-in-rutherford-cables-35g34hugkb.pdf

Calculation of minimum quench energies in Rutherford cables

The magnetic field in accelerator magnets decays when the current is kept constant during the particles injection phase, and returns quickly (snaps back) to the original values as soon as ramping is restarted. Here we show results of measurements of the decay of the field errors in 10 m long LHC model dipole magnets. In accordance with previous findings, precycles and stops at intermediate current levels influence the decay. We discuss a possible mechanism causing the decay and snap-back, based on the internal field change in the cable.

/pdf/field-errors-decay-and-snap-back-in-lhc-model-dipoles-5c5tnxaroh.pdf

Field errors decay and "snap-back" in LHC model dipoles

We describe the systems for AC loss and magnetic field measurements developed for the LHC superconducting magnets. AC loss measurements are performed using an electric method, while field measurements are performed using either fixed pick-ups or rotating coils. We present results obtained on 1-m long model dipoles, and compare the results of the different methods in terms of average interstrand resistance.

/pdf/measurement-of-ac-loss-and-magnetic-field-during-ramps-in-13zhuhjett.pdf

Measurement of AC loss and magnetic field during ramps in the LHC model dipoles

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