Thermonuclear fusion is a potential source of cleaner and safer energy for the future. Its technological realization depends on the development of materials able to survive and function in extreme conditions. This article reviews the applications of thermally sprayed coatings for fusion reactor materials. First, the principle and purpose of fusion is briefly introduced, and technological objectives are mentioned. Material-environment interactions are summarized, together with materials requirements and the role of coatings. Then, specific applications—e.g., the plasma facing components—are reviewed, focusing on application issues as well as issues related to thermal spray processing and specific properties of the respective materials. An overview of specific materials testing methods is also provided.

Thermal Spray Coatings for Fusion Applications—Review

Vacuum plasma-spraying (VPS) can be used for the industrial deposition of thick W coatings on actively water-cooled components made of low activation steel or stainless steel. Mock-ups made of martensitic steels, EUROFER and F82H, as well as steel 316L, were coated with 2 mm thick W-VPS layers. The coated materials are candidates for first wall components (ITER and DEMO) receiving moderate heat load of up to 1 MW/m2. Mixed tungsten/steel interlayers were applied to reduce the residual and thermal stresses at the substrate–coating interface and to improve the adhesion of the coating. The advantage of this mixed interlayer is that no further (high activation) materials have to be introduced to improve coating adhesion. The characterisation of the W-VPS layers includes the evaluation of the coating microstructure, the measurement of physical and mechanical properties and the metallographical examination before and after heat load tests. Heat load tests with steady state operation up to 2.5 MW/m2 and cycling heat loads of 2 MW/m2, were successfully completed. They confirm the thermomechanical suitability of industrially manufactured W-VPS coatings for plasma facing first wall components made of steel.

Vacuum plasma-sprayed tungsten on EUROFER and 316L: Results of characterisation and thermal loading tests

Microstructures and tribological properties of vacuum plasma sprayed B4C–Ni composite coatings

The development of electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH)-electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) as a tool for suppression of plasma instabilities requires that the millimeter-wave beams used...

A New Launcher for Real-Time ECRH Experiments on FTU

Das Institut fur Hochleistungsimpuls- und Mikrowellentechnik (IHM) arbeitet auf dem Gebiet der Hochleistungsimpuls- und Hochleistungsmikrowellentechnologie. Sowohl die Forschung und Entwicklung von Hochleistungsquellen als auch die damit verbundenen Anwendungen stehen im Fokus.

/pdf/annual-report-2016-institute-for-pulsed-power-and-microwave-124lskrdb0.pdf

Annual Report 2016 / Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology / Institut für Hochleistungsimpuls- und Mikrowellentechnik. (KIT Scientific Reports ; 7745)

Evaluation of vacuum plasma-sprayed boron carbide protection for the stainless steel first wall of WENDELSTEIN 7-X

Institute for Plasma Research, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany, e-mail: kasparek@ipf.uni-stuttgart.de Karlsruhe Research Center, Association EURATOM-FZK, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Max-Planck-Institute for Plasma Physics, Ass. EURATOM-IPP, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany Max-Planck-Institute f. Plasma Physics, Ass. EURATOM-IPP, D-85748 Garching, Germany

High-power millimetrewave transmission systems and components for electron cyclotron heating of fusion plasmas

The transmission system for ECRH on the stellarator W7-X: design issues and tests of prototype components

The reflectivity of metallic mirrors in the millimetre wave region does not only depend on the material, but also on the structure and roughness of the surface. Using a 3-mirror resonator, reflectivity and — in the case of grooved samples — also phase shifts can be determined as function of frequency, angle of incidence, and polarisation. The technique is based on the comparison of the quality factor of a 2-mirror reference resonator with the quality factor of a 3-mirror resonator with identical dimensions, including the mirror under test. Thus, no reference sample is needed. The theory is presented, set-ups and measurement options are described, and results for various plane and grooved reflectors are presented and discussed.

Three-mirror resonator reflectivity measurement of plane and grooved surfaces: Setup, options, results

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Papers

Evaluation of vacuum plasma-sprayed boron carbide protection for the stainless steel first wall of WENDELSTEIN 7-X

High-power millimetrewave transmission systems and components for electron cyclotron heating of fusion plasmas

The transmission system for ECRH on the stellarator W7-X: design issues and tests of prototype components

Three-mirror resonator reflectivity measurement of plane and grooved surfaces: Setup, options, results