An ozone climatology is presented, based entirely on ozone observations over the target period 1980–1991. The climatology gives zonal mean ozone values, as well as the corresponding interannual standard deviation, for 17 zonal bands (80°S–S0°N) at 19 pressure levels (1000–0.3 hPa), for each month of the year. It is intended mainly for climate simulations with general circulation models (GCMs). For the troposphere and lower stratosphere (1000–10 hPa) the climatology is compiled from ozonesonde observations of 30 ozonesonde stations located around the world. To account for tropospheric longitudinal variability within a zonal band, a data set giving tropospheric total ozone values between 50°S and 50°N is used. For stations within this latitude range the tropospheric profile is scaled with a factor derived from this data set to make it more representative of the zonal mean. Consequently, the corrected profiles of the individual stations are combined within each zonal band, using weighted averaging. These zonal profiles are then attached to zonal monthly mean SBUV-SBUV/2 (solar backscattered ultraviolet) observations in the stratosphere (30–0.3 hPa). Three overlap layers, at 30, 20, and 10 hPa, give an indication of how well these two data sets match. Where possible, the integral of the combined ozone profiles is made consistent with total ozone mapping (TOMS) profiles, by applying a correction factor to the ozonesonde part of the profile, derived from TOMS minus the integrated SBUV-SBUV/2 profile. The resulting climatology is compared with three other ozone climatologies: the predecessor of this one, a climatology compiled by the State University of New York, and a climatology used in the GCM at the Max Planck Institute in Hamburg, Germany. Apparent improvements are better consistent with TOMS (compared with the first climatology) and more realistic ozone values in the tropics and polar regions (compared with the first and second climatologies). There is an overall strong improvement compared with the third climatology, which was generated from an analytical formula and old ozone observations in the 1970s. A unique further advantage of the current climatology is the accompanying standard deviation climatology, giving an indication of the natural variability and reliability of the mean ozone values.

An ozone climatology based on ozonesonde and satellite measurements

The present status of stratospheric science is discussed. The three basic elements of stratospheric science-laboratory measurements, atmospheric observations, and theoretical studies are presented along with an attempt to predict, with reasonable confidence, the effect on ozone of particular anthropogenic sources of pollution.

The stratosphere: Present and future

The two-dimensional distributions of CO and O3 in the free troposphere during July and August, 1974, are discussed. The data confirm the previous findings that both of these gases are considerably more abundant in the northern hemisphere, but the degree of the asymmetry is somewhat different from what had been reported previously, especially for CO. When examined with respect to other available data sets, the conclusion is drawn that a pronounced seasonal cycle exists for CO in both hemispheres which may be driven by the likely seasonal cycle of the OH radical. The data also indicate that CO concentrations exhibit significant variability with height in the northern hemisphere, whereas southern hemispheric concentrations are quite constant with altitude except in cases where interhemispheric exchange of air may be occurring. A discussion on the vertical and horizontal transport processes inferred from the CO and O3 measurements is presented. The possible interdependence of the photochemical cycles of these two trace gases is also discussed.

The distribution of carbon monoxide and ozone in the free troposphere

A global climatology of total column ozone was computed from four years of daily observations by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) aboard the NIMBUS-7 satellite. The precision of the TOMS retrievals with respect to well-maintained Dobson instruments is ~2% (1). The TOMS retrievals average 6% lower than the Dobson measurements. The bias is largely explained by differences in the ozone absorption coefficients used with the different instruments (1). Global maps of the time-mean total ozone and the amplitude, phase, and fraction of the variance explained by the annual and semiannual harmonics were prepared. Similar analyses of the zonal-mean total ozone were carried out.

A global climatology of total ozone from the Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer

The use of the linear wave treatment to describe the eddy motions in a zonal mean model leads to the identification of the irreversible transient waves as the process responsible for the diffusive transport of tracers in the stratosphere. Recent estimates based on an idealized general circulation model (GCM) calculation and the observed transient wave statistics between 20°N and 80°N suggest that, in the stratosphere, the horizontal diffusion coefficient should be ≲3×109 cm2 s−1, a value about 1 order of magnitude smaller than values previously used in most two-dimensional models. A simple model of zonally averaged transport of stratospheric trace gases in isentropic coordinates is developed to test this hypothesis of small eddy diffusion. In this model, the eddy transport arising from the irreversible transient waves is assumed to act along the isentropic surfaces and is represented by a single horizontal diffusion coefficient, Kyy. The advective transport in the model is effected by the zonal mean diabatic circulation calculated diagnostically from a given zonal mean diabatic heating rate, of which no post hoc adjustment has been attempted. We show that the observed stratospheric distribution of N2O and HNO3 may be adequately simulated in the model with small values of Kyy that are consistent with physical estimates mentioned above. The result that the observed concentrations of the stratospheric trace gases can be simulated using small values of eddy diffusion coefficients is expected to be equally applicable for models in pressure coordinates using the residual mean circulations.

A zonal mean model of stratospheric tracer transport in isentropic coordinates: Numerical simulations for nitrous oxide and nitric acid

The phase and amplitude of the annual, semiannual, and quasi-biennial oscillations to total ozone data for the Northern Hemisphere in the period 1957-1972 and for Northern Hemisphere ozonesonde data for variable periods from 1962-1974 have been plotted as functions of latitude, longitude, and altitude. The largest annual wave amplitude in total ozone occurs over eastern Siberia. In total ozone, the region of maximum quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) coincides with that of the annual wave. The major feature of the QBO in the vertical distribution is the maximum amplitude in the arctic just above the tropopause. As for the semiannual wave, the maximum in total ozone lies in the arctic, displaced slightly to the Siberian side. In the vertical, its maximum amplitude is near 18 km. The phase appears to progress poleward, with maxima at high latitudes occurring in March-April.

Periodic Variations of Total Ozone and of Its Vertical Distribution.

: To provide a convenient summary of presently available data on ozone concentrations, monthly and seasonal means and standard deviations of ozone are presented in latitude-height cross-sections and tables. Results are given in each of two units: micrograms per cubic meter, and parts per million by volume. Data are based on North American ozonesonde stations, 1962-75.

Ozone Concentration by Latitude, Altitude, and Month, Near 80 W

: At jet cruising altitudes high ozone amounts sometimes occur in the cabin. The purpose of this report is to present, for airline operational personnel, the best current estimate of the average ambient (outside) ozone and its variability with time and space. These summaries are based on two types of observations: balloon ozonesonde data for stations in Japan, North America, and western Europe; and 'GASP' data from commercial airliners obtained under the Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP) conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The relationship of ozone amount with stratospheric transport mechanisms is discussed, leading to the identification of several meteorological parameters which can be used to qualitatively forecast ozone on a daily basis. Also presented is a preliminary regression of ozone with stratospheric temperature, developed from GASP data.

Guidelines for Flight Planning during Periods of High Ozone Occurrence

Both total ozone and vertical distribution ozone data from the period 1957 to 1972 are analyzed. For total ozone, improved monthly zonal means for both hemispheres are computed by weighting individual station monthly means by a factor which compensates for the close grouping of stations in certain regions of latitude bands. Longitudinal variability show maxima in summer in both hemispheres, but, in winter, only in the Northern Hemisphere. The geographical distributions of the long term mean, and the annual, quasibiennial and semiannual waves in total ozone over the Northern Hemisphere are presented. The extratropical amplitude of the annual wave is by far the largest of the three, as much as 120 m atm cm over northern Siberia. There is a tendency for all three waves to have maxima in high latitudes. Monthly means of the vertical distribution of ozone determined from 3 to 8 years of ozonesonde data over North America are presented. Number density is highest in the Arctic near 18 km. The region of maximum number density slopes upward toward 10 N, where the long term mean is 45 x 10 to the 11th power molecules cm/3 near 26 km.

/pdf/periodic-analysis-of-total-ozone-and-its-vertical-12bhzewara.pdf

Periodic analysis of total ozone and its vertical distribution

Abstract Amplitudes and phases of the annual, quasi-biennial (QBO) and semiannual oscillations of Northern Hemisphere total ozone (1957–72) and North American ozonesonde (1962–74) data are presented. For total ozone, the annual wave has a maximum amplitude (120 m atm cm) along the east coast of Asia, where it occurs in February. The QBO has its largest amplitude (20 m atm cm) also over extreme eastern Siberia. The maximum amplitude (25 m atm cm) of the semiannual wave occurs at high latitudes and its first maximum tends to occur in late winter over most of the hemisphere. In general, these periodic variations have their maxima where standing waves indicate maxima in northward transport. It appears that these results are not greatly affected by differences in Dobson and M-83 instruments. Eight years of new ozonesonde data at Resolute improve the estimates of monthly vertical distribution and periodic variability at high latitudes. The vertical distribution of ozone shows a maximum concentration about 10 km...

Periodic variations of total ozone and of its vertical distribution. [in Northern Hemisphere

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