Analysis indicates that certain types of optically active media are capable of producing negative refraction and focusing of circularly polarized waves. It is established that a slab of such material acts just as Veselago's hypothetical left-handed media lens, providing subwavelength resolution as Sir Pendry's ideal lens, but for circularly polarized waves.

Negative refraction and focusing of circularly polarized waves in optically active media.

Integral equation formulations are presented for characterizing the electromagnetic (EM) scattering interaction for nonmetallic surfaced bodies. Three different boundary conditions are considered for the surfaces: namely, the impedance (Leontovich), the resistive sheet, and its dual, the magnetically conducting sheet boundary. The integral equation formulations presented for a general geometry are specialized for bodies of revolution and solved with the method of moments (MM). The current expansion functions, which are chosen, result in a symmetric system of equations. This system is expressed in terms of two Galerkin matrix operators that have special properties. The solutions of the integral equation for the impedance boundary at internal resonances of the associated perfectly conducting scatterer are examined. The results are compared with the Mie solution for impedance-coated spheres and with the MM solutions of the electric, magnetic, and combined field formulations for impedance-coated bodies.

Integral equation formulations for imperfectly conducting scatterers

Reduction of radar cross sections (RCS) is one of the major problems in stealth technology. Basic techniques used for RCS reduction are well known. They involve appropriate shaping, use of radar absorbing materials (RAMs), and passive and active cancellation of the scattered jield. Detailed description of these techniques and related bibliography have been presented in RCS handbooks. In this paper we discuss these techniques briefly from the physical point of view and summarize their limitations. Attention is concentrated on discussions of the physical structure of radar waves scattered from large objects (compared with the radar wavelength). These waves consist of ordinary and diffracted rays, thier beams, and shadow radiation. The latter is caused by the transverse diffusion of the radar beam in the vicinity of the shadow boundaries behind the scattering object, i.e., in the penumbra region. Shadow radiation creates strong forward scattering and is responsible for RCS enhancement at large bistatic angles. Possible passive and active techniques to control and reduce reflected beams, rays, and shadow radiation and potential limitations of these techniques are considered in the paper. In particular, it is emphasized that grazing rejlected rays and shadow radiation cannot be eliminated by absorbing materials.

Comments on diffraction principles and limitations of RCS reduction techniques

Corrections to "Comments on Diffraction Principles and Limitations of RCS Reduction Techniques"

Some aspects of detection and tracking of ballistic targets are analysed in this paper. In particular, the RCS model versus aspect angle is obtained for a notional target starting from its CAD model. Subsequently, the kinematic model of the ballistic target is derived; it includes the main forces acting on it, namely, the thrust, the drag and the gravity. On the basis of these two models it is possible to determine the detection probability of a notional L-band radar during the target flight and to build up an interactive multiple model (IMM) for target tracking. The performance evaluation of the design IMM tracking algorithm is obtained via Monte Carlo simulation. In particular, highly manoeuvring aircraft and ballistic targets in the boost phase are used to check the capability of the IMM.

Detection and tracking of ballistic target

Combined field integral equations for the surface currents induced by an obliquely incident wave on a rotationally symmetric body are considered. The relative surface impedance is independent of the azimuthal angle but may vary along the profile of the scatterer in any plane containing the axis of symmetry; the currents are conveniently expressed in terms of Fourier series of uncoupled terms in the azimuthal angle. Simple integral expressions for the far field are given and a computer code is described and tested on a variety of scatterers. Geometry of scatterer, surface impedance and Fourier harmonics of induced currents are described by splines. The results are in agreement with physical interpretation. >

Electromagnetic scattering for oblique incidence on impedance bodies of revolution

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Electromagnetic scattering for oblique incidence on impedance bodies of revolution