Pollution with toxic metals causes severe menace to the ecosystem, and phytostabilization of heavy metals using green plants is nowadays receiving more consideration as it offers a cost-effective, eco-friendly technique, and moreover it is an aesthetically pleasing one. Plants which are native to the contaminated soil with dense root system (so as to retain large quantities of metal ions inside the root) and are able to self-propagate are considered as potential candidates for phytostabilization. Phytostabilization of toxic metal ions in the rhizosphere can be greatly enhanced by treating the soil with various organic and inorganic amendments which will modify the soil properties in order to amplify the availability of metals to the plants. The basic mechanism underlying phytostabilization is the complexation of metal ions with the root exudates/mucilage or with the cell walls and also binding with metal-binding molecules like phytochelatins and metallothioneins and finally sequestering them to the root vacuole. Physical stabilization of metal ions in the soil through phytostabilization has an added advantage of protecting the groundwater from heavy metal contamination as this technique prevents contaminant from getting leached into the deeper soil layers. Thus, phytostabilization offers a feasible alternative to the costly remediation practices and helps to restore a functional ecosystem which is otherwise polluted in a more substantial manner.

Phytostabilization of Heavy Metals: Understanding of Principles and Practices

The environmental remediation of toxic pollutants that harm the ecosystem’s structure and function are the focus of debate all over the world. Decontamination of the polluted soil, air, and water in a sustainable manner is crucial because the ecosystem consists of several biotic and abiotic components vital for the existence of biodiversity. Two different promising techniques, phycoremediation (remediation with the help of algae) and phytoremediation (remediation with the help of plants), are currently accepted worldwide as the most eco-friendly and cost-effective methods of remediating water and soil. Several algal strains and plant species have been elucidated as ideal candidates for the remediation of various pollutants, including toxic metal ions, herbicides, pesticides, radionuclides, oil spillages, and petroleum compounds. The mechanism behind phycoremediation is mainly biosorption of toxic components into the cell wall, thereby accumulating them inside the cell. These substances are then converted into nontoxic forms and used in the metabolic processes of algal cells. Algae have the additional benefit of increased biomass production and are now widely used to produce renewable energy sources, including bioethanol, biomethanol, and biodiesel. On the other hand, phytoremediation involves extensive mechanisms to detoxify the contaminants, such as phytoaccumulation, phytostabilization, rhizofiltration, and phytovolatilization. In addition, a new branch of remediation—nano-phytoremediation, wherein nanoparticles are employed along with phytoremediation—has also been briefly studied. Phycoremediation, phytoremediation, and nano-phytoremediation thus represent promising tools for decontaminating and restoring the ecosystem in a sustainable manner without causing much harm to the biodiversity.

Phycoremediation and phytoremediation: Promising tools of green remediation

Germplasm characterization is essential to utilize and improve plant genetic resources in various breeding programs. The present study was aimed to characterize genetic variation in 28 accessions of yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. sesquipedalis Verdc.) collected from different states of India. A total of 48 random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were examined to generate binary data profiles, out of these 31 markers were informative with scorable and reproducible banding patterns. 100% polymorphism was attained across the genotypes with total 2447 amplicons. Among these, OPC8 was highest with outcome of 160 amplicons, OPS7 and OPD5 followed with 149 and 144 amplicons. The polymorphic information content value among the genotypes varied from 0.23 to 0.93. Jaccard’s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.063 to 0.942 explaining wide genetic base. Dendrogram constructed by Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages method classified 28 genotypes into 5 major clusters. Cultivar IC-582860 was found to be unique due to its least similarity with other genotypes. IC-582850 and IC-582875 showed highest similarity with (94%). Correlation study among morphological traits also revealed highly positive correlation between seed protein content with pod length; 100 seed weight with pod length and seed protein content; pod yield with number of pods per cluster and number of pods per plant. Thus the present study reveals discrimination, characterization and differentiation of yardlong bean by explaining genetic variation between and within the genotypes. This may further useful for genome mapping, crop improvement and to develop new plant varieties with high yield and pod quality in yardlong bean.

Assessment of genetic diversity in yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp subsp. sesquipedalis Verdc.) germplasm from India using RAPD markers

The present study determined the plant biomass (aboveground and belowground) of Salicornia brachiata from six different salt marshes distributed in Indian coastal area over one growing season (September 2014–May 2015). The nutrients concentration and their pools were estimated in plant as well as soil. Belowground biomass in S. brachiata was usually lower than the aboveground biomass. Averaged over different locations, highest biomass was observed in the month of March (2.1 t ha−1) followed by May (1.64 t ha−1), February (1.60 t ha−1), November (0.82 t ha−1) and September (0.05 t ha−1). The averaged aboveground to belowground ratio was 12.0. Aboveground and belowground biomass were negatively correlated with pH of soil, while positively with soil electrical conductivity. Further, there were positive relationships between organic carbon and belowground biomass; and available sodium and aboveground biomass. The nutrient pools in aboveground were always higher than to belowground biomass. Aboveground pools of carbon (543 kg ha−1), nitrogen (48 kg ha−1), phosphorus (4 kg ha−1), sodium (334 kg ha−1) and potassium (37 kg ha−1) were maximum in the month of March 2015. Bioaccumulation and translocation factors for sodium of S. brachiata were more than one showing tolerance to salinity and capability of phytoremediation for the saline soil.

Aboveground, belowground biomass and nutrients pool in Salicornia brachiata at coastal area of India: interactive effects of soil characteristics

/pdf/responses-of-ramie-boehmeria-nivea-l-to-increasing-rare-r6u6vrhz.pdf

Responses of ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) to increasing rare earth element (REE) concentrations in a hydroponic system

The effect of cadmium (Cd) on growth, physiology, distribution and tolerance was examined in root, shoot and leaves of yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis L.). The seeds were grown in pot culture under laboratory conditions for 60 days in Ferriera and Davis nutrient solution with three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) of cadmium. Cd toxicity was evident from chlorosis in young leaves and increased concentrations of Cd brought significant negative effects on plant growth, photosynthetic rate and protein biosynthesis. Translocation of Cd was found to be more in roots than the above ground parts and the accumulation was in the order of root > shoot > leaf. Low root to shoot translocation of Cd makes the crop ideal for phytostabilization. Relatively high metal tolerance index obtained in the study indicated that the crop has greater tolerance to increase Cd exposure, though accumulation of Cd had altered thickness of root and root biomass. Owing to the crop’s adaptability to high temperature, drought conditions and ability to retain Cd in roots makes it a promising candidate for phytostabilization of soil contaminated by Cd.

/pdf/phytostabilization-potential-of-yard-long-bean-in-removing-4bwouj6yzk.pdf

Phytostabilization Potential of Yard long bean in Removing Cadmium from Soil

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Phytostabilization Potential of Yard long bean in Removing Cadmium from Soil