Characterization and genome-wide sequence analysis of an ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus albus, a potential source for reclamation of degraded lands

Although huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating citrus disease, improved tolerant cultivars, such as Sugar Belle (SB) mandarin, have been identified. To understand the responses that HLB-affected SB undergoes, we compared 14CO2 fixation, carbohydrate export, phloem callose accumulation, relative expression of plant defense activators, and anatomical changes between healthy and infected SB trees versus susceptible Pineapple (PA) sweet orange. Eight- to ten-week-old leaves of infected SB showed a 2.5-fold increase in 14CO2 fixation and a 13% decrease in 14C-carbohydrate export, whereas HLB-affected PA presented a decrease of 33 and 50%, respectively. The mean distance of a callose deposit to its closest neighbor was 36% smaller in infected SB versus healthy, whereas in HLB-affected PA, it was 33% higher. Expression of papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) was upregulated in SB but downregulated in PA. Infected SB showed minor alterations in the number of xylem vessels, a 16% larger xylem vessel lumen area, and a 14% increase in the proportional area of the xylem. In contrast, PA showed a 2.4-fold increase in the xylem vessel number and a 2% increase in the proportional xylem area. Three complementary mechanisms of tolerance in SB are hypothesized: (i) increased carbohydrate availability induced by greater CO2 fixation, mild effect in carbohydrate export, and local accumulation of callose in the phloem; (ii) activation of defense response via upregulation of PLCPs, and (iii) increased investment in the xylem structure. Thus, phloem and xylem modifications seem to be involved in SB tolerance. 

Phloem and xylem responses are both implicated in HLB tolerance of Sugar Belle.

Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease, is significant havoc to the citrus cultivation that influences citrus industry decline in India and elsewhere. HLB is a systemic, fastidious, phloem inhabited alpha-proteobacterial disease caused by ‘ Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ ( C Las). Currently, there is no established cure for this emerging but century-old disease. The present study discussed change in cycle threshold (Ct) values of C Las bacterium using qPCR diagnostic method upon applying antibiotics and micronutrients to HLB infected sweet orange cv. Sathgudi plants. Five antibiotics and three micronutrients were selected and applied as a foliar spray in 3 different spraying periods. Results demonstrated that ampicillin sodium (Ct=25.41) and rifampicin (Ct=23.62) showed a significant effect on the suppression of bacterial titre compared to other selected antibiotics at 90 days after the first spray. However, there was no significant effect on the bacterial population regarding its titre and symptom expression when any of the selected micronutrients were applied in any of the spraying periods. Hence, the reported antibiotics could help in the management of an infected HLB citrus orchard at the expense of minimizing total yield loss when they are judiciously used.

Application of chemicals and nutrients differs in bacterial titre of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus on infected Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

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Application of chemicals and nutrients differs in bacterial titre of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus on infected Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck