http://www.rengy.org/uploadfile/file/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%89%88/%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90/%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE/2000/The%20history%20and%20variability%20of%20the%20East%20Asian%20paleomonsoon%20climate%20.pdf

The history and variability of the East Asian paleomonsoon climate

The global monsoon (GM) is a defining feature of the annual variation of Earth’s climate system. Quantifying and understanding the present-day monsoon precipitation change are crucial for prediction of its future and reflection of its past. Here we show that regional monsoons are coordinated not only by external solar forcing but also by internal feedback processes such as El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). From one monsoon year (May to the next April) to the next, most continental monsoon regions, separated by vast areas of arid trade winds and deserts, vary in a cohesive manner driven by ENSO. The ENSO has tighter regulation on the northern hemisphere summer monsoon (NHSM) than on the southern hemisphere summer monsoon (SHSM). More notably, the GM precipitation (GMP) has intensified over the past three decades mainly due to the significant upward trend in NHSM. The intensification of the GMP originates primarily from an enhanced east–west thermal contrast in the Pacific Ocean, which is coupled with a rising pressure in the subtropical eastern Pacific and decreasing pressure over the Indo-Pacific warm pool. While this mechanism tends to amplify both the NHSM and SHSM, the stronger (weaker) warming trend in the NH (SH) creates a hemispheric thermal contrast, which favors intensification of the NHSM but weakens the SHSM. The enhanced Pacific zonal thermal contrast is largely a result of natural variability, whilst the enhanced hemispherical thermal contrast is likely due to anthropogenic forcing. We found that the enhanced global summer monsoon not only amplifies the annual cycle of tropical climate but also promotes directly a “wet-gets-wetter” trend pattern and indirectly a “dry-gets-drier” trend pattern through coupling with deserts and trade winds. The mechanisms recognized in this study suggest a way forward for understanding past and future changes of the GM in terms of its driven mechanisms.

/pdf/recent-change-of-the-global-monsoon-precipitation-1979-2008-3xsp7t72og.pdf

Recent change of the global monsoon precipitation (1979–2008)

This book contains 24 chapters. Please see Alternative Location for URL/Links to individual chapters.

https://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/5427/VA-2007-chpt-12-Munday-etal.pdf

Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef: A vulnerability assessment

Ensemble simulations of Asian-Australian monsoon (A-AM) anomalies were evaluated in 11 atmospheric general circulation models for the unprecedented El Nino period of September 1996-August 1998. The models' simulations of anomalous Asian summer rainfall patterns in the A-AM region (308S-308N, 408-1608E) are considerably poorer than in the El Nino region. This is mainly due to a lack of skill over Southeast Asia and the western North Pacific (58-308N, 808-1508E), which is a striking characteristic of all the models. The models' deficiencies result from failing to simulate correctly the relationship between the local summer rainfall and the SST anomalies over the Philippine Sea, the South China Sea, and the Bay of Bengal: the observed rainfall anomalies are negatively correlated with SST anomalies, whereas in nearly all models, the rainfall anomalies are positively correlated with SST anomalies. While the models' physical parameterizations have large uncer- tainties, this problem is primarily attributed to the experimental design in which the atmosphere is forced to respond passively to the specified SSTs, while in nature the SSTs result in part from the atmospheric forcing. Regional monsoon dynamic indices are calculated for the Indian, the western North Pacific, and the Australian monsoons, respectively. Most models can realistically reproduce the western North Pacific and Australian mon- soon, yet fail with the Indian monsoon. To see whether this is generally the case, a suite of five Seoul National University model runs with the same observed lower boundary forcing (and differing only in their initial conditions) was examined for the period 1950-98. The skill in the 49-yr ensemble simulations of the Indian monsoon is significantly higher than the skill for the period 1996-98. In other words for the unprecedented 1997/98 El Nino period, the models under study experience unusual difficulties in simulating the Indian monsoon circulation anomalies. Moreover, the observed Webster-Yang index shows a decreasing trend over the last 50 yr, a trend missed by the models' ensemble simulations.

https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0442%282004%29017%3C0803%3AESOAMV%3E2.0.CO%3B2

Ensemble Simulations of Asian–Australian Monsoon Variability by 11 AGCMs*

Trends in heavy rainfall, total rainfall and number of dry days in Australia have been analysed using daily rainfall records at 125 stations. Summer and winter halves of the year were considered separately for the period 1910–1990. The summer half-year is defined as November–April, while the winter-half is May–October. Heavy rainfall is defined as the 90th and 95th percentiles of daily rainfall in each half-year. The magnitude of trends was derived from linear regression while statistical significance was determined by Kendall-Tau and field significance tests.



Increasing trends in heavy rainfall and total rainfall have occurred during the summer half-year, but only 10–20% of stations have statistically significant trends. During the winter half-year, heavy rainfall and total rainfall have also increased, except in far southwest Western Australia and inland Queensland. There has been a reduction in the number of dry days in both halves of the year, except in far southwest Western Australia and at a few stations in eastern Australia where there has been an increase in the number of dry days in the winter half-year. Changes in the number of dry days were statistically significant at over 50% of stations.



Hence there are regions showing coherent increases and decreases in rainfall which may be due to systematic changes in climate during the last century. Trends were averaged over three broad regions with adequate station coverage. There has been a general decrease in dry days with an increase in total and heavy rainfall intensity in the northeast and southeast, and a decrease in total and heavy rainfall in the southwest. These rainfall changes are related to changes in other climate variables such as temperature and cloud cover in Australia. © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society

Trends in total rainfall, heavy rain events and number of dry days in Australia, 1910–1990

The Australian summer monsoon influences the climate of the Australian tropics during the period from December to March. During this period, interannual and intraseasonal variations of rainfall ass...

The Australian summer monsoon: a review:

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

R. Suppiah

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

The Australian summer monsoon: a review: