Summary The effects of a microbial inoculant (containing propionic and lactic acid bacteria) and formic acid on chemical composition, ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM) and nutrient digestibility of corn silage were examined. Whole-plant corn was ensiled for 60 days in plastic polyethylene bags, and three treatments were compared, 1: control (no additive), 2: Propionibacterium acidipropionici plus Lactobacillus plantarum at 3 × 10 10 cfu/g of fresh forage, and 3: formic acid (98%) at 2.41/t fresh forage. The silages were subjected to chemical analysis, DM degradability and nutrients digestibility in sheep. At the end of ensiling period, treatment 3 had significantly higher (P<0.05) content of crude protein (CP), lactic acid, total acids, DM recovery and pH values than other treatments. Treatment 2 had the lowest pH value, the highest level of propionic acid, and the lowest level of butyric and total acids (P<0.05). No traces of ethanol were detected for neither of silages. CP digestibility was higher (P<0.05) for treatment 1 compared with others, while ether extract (EE) digestibility was higher (P<0.05) for treatments 1 and 3 compared with treatment 2. Effective DM degradability was higher for treatment 3. All silages went under rapid fermentation and were wellpreserved and treatment 2 was more stable after opening. The degree of improvement in fermentation using microbial inoculant was lower than formic acid but expected to improve the aerobic stability by inhibition of yeast activity, especially in warm climates.

The effects of a microbial inoculant and formic acid as silage additives on chemical composition, ruminal degradability and nutrient digestibility of corn silage in sheep

Digestibility and growth performance of sheep fed alfalfa hay treated with fibrolytic enzymes and a ferulic acid esterase producing bacterial additive

This study investigated the effect of treatment of wheat straw using ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (Viscozyme) on fiber digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and microbial populations in an artificial rumen system [Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC)]. Four treatments were assigned to 16 vessels (4 per treatment) in 2 RUSITEC apparatuses in a randomized block design. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial using untreated or AFEX-treated wheat straw with or without exogenous fibrolytic enzymes [0 or 500 μg of protein/g straw dry matter (DM)]. Fibrolytic enzymes were applied to straw, prior to sealing in nylon bags. The concentrate mixture was provided in a separate bag within each fermentation vessel. The RUSITECs were adapted for 8 d and disappearance of DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein (CP) was measured after 48 h of incubation. Ammonia fiber expansion increased (P < 0.01) the disappearance of wheat straw DM (69.6 vs. 38.3%), NDF (65.6 vs. 36.8%), ADF (61.4 vs. 36.0%), and CP (68.3 vs. 24.0%). Total dietary DM, organic matter (OM), and NDF disappearance was also increased (P ≤ 0.05) by enzymes. Total microbial protein production was greater (P < 0.01) for AFEX-treated (72.9 mg/d) than untreated straw (63.1 mg/d). Total gas and methane (CH4) production (P < 0.01) were also greater for AFEX-treated wheat straw than untreated straw, with a tendency for total gas to increase (P = 0.06) with enzymes. Ammonia fiber expansion increased (P < 0.01) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and the molar proportion of propionate, while it decreased (P < 0.01) acetate and the acetate-to-propionate ratio. The AFEX-treated straw had lower relative quantities of fungi, methanogens, and Fibrobacter succinogenes (P < 0.01) and fewer protozoa (P < 0.01) compared to untreated straw. The pH of fermenters fed AFEX-treated straw was lower (P < 0.01) than those fed untreated straw. Both AFEX (P < 0.01) and enzymes (P = 0.02) decreased xylanase activity. There was an enzyme × straw interaction (P = 0.02) for endoglucanase activity. Enzymes increased endoglucanase activity of AFEX-treated wheat straw, but had no effect on untreated straw. The addition of enzymes lowered the relative abundance of Ruminococcus flavefaciens, but increased F. succinogenes. These results indicate that AFEX increased the ruminal disappearance of wheat straw and improved fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in the RUSITEC.

Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and ammonia fiber expansion on the fermentation of wheat straw in an artificial rumen system (RUSITEC)1

Over the past few decades the use of enzymes for nutritional enhancement of animal feed has evolved. Traditionally, enzyme supplements have been used to augment limited endogenous enzymes secreted by young or juvenile animals and so enhanced utilization of energy and protein sources. By far the largest use of enzymes in animal nutrition today is to enhance utilization of nonstarch polysaccharide sources and reduce the effect of antinutrients in feed utilization. Enzymes are now used in all growth stages of all farm animals, including poultry, ruminants, monogastric animals (pigs), and in aquaculture. The largest enzymes by volume and value include phytases, xylanases, cellulase complexes as well as proteases, and less so amylases, lipases, and ligninases. These enzymes have been used singly and in combination to improve nutrition and growth of animals feeding on grains, oils seeds, and process by-products. In many cases the results have been mixed. Most of the enzymes used in animal nutrition are of microbial origin due to the flexibility inherent in production of microbial enzymes. Nearly all of the enzymes are used in resource-rich countries with no food security challenges. In less-affluent countries with food security challenges, room exists for significant use of enzymes to enable utilization of agricultural wastes, refuse, and agro-industry by-products for animal nutrition. This should reduce competition for limited food between man and animals and help alleviate problems of protein–energy malnutrition in such countries.

Enzymes for Nutritional Enrichment of Agro-Residues as Livestock Feed

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cellulase and xylanase plus enzymes on in vitro ruminal fermentation of Eragrostis curvurahay, maize stover and a total mixed ration (TMR) at six levels of application. The feed samples were incubated for 2, 12, 24, 32, 48, 72, h in an in vitro batch culture with buffer and ruminal fluid, and th e fibrolytic enzymes associated with the six levels of application. Gas production was measured using a pressure transducer connected to a data tracker. Degradability of fiber was measured after 48 hrs of incubation. Increased level of enzyme inclusion increased the volume of gas, the total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and fibre disappearance , but the rate of increment associated with each mg of additional enzyme application was reduced beyond 1 -2mg/g DM. Considering the enzymes cost and their efficiency at different rates on gas production and NDF degradability the medium levels of applications (1-2mg/g DM) were found to be the most efficient.

/pdf/effect-of-fibrolytic-enzyme-products-at-different-levels-on-2efl66hin2.pdf

Effect of fibrolytic enzyme products at different levels on in vitro ruminal fermentation of low quality feeds and total mixed ration.

Introduction Unlike abomasal or ruminal enzyme infusion (Hristov et al., 1998; 2000), enzyme addition to the dietary forage (Lewis et al, 1999; Kung et al., 2000) or concentrate (Rode et al, 1999; Yang et al., 2000) has improved the performance of cows, reflecting the importance of a close association between the feed and enzymes for fiber hydrolysis (Beauchemin et al, 1999). However, few studies have determined whether enzymes are most effective when added to the dietary concentrate or forage. In theory, enzyme application to the dietary forage or the TMR should be more effective than application to the concentrate because of greater opportunity for enzyme-induced fiber hydrolysis. Exogenous enzymes should also be more effective when applied to highmoisture feeds such as silages than to dry feeds because of the importance of water for enzymatic cell wall hydrolysis (Beauchemin et al, 1999). However, one study has demonstrated that enzyme application to the concentrate was more effective than application to the TMR (Yang et al., 2000). Whereas, others indicated that application to one dietary fraction was not more effective than application to another fraction or the TMR (Sutton et al., 2003; Vicini et al., 2003). It is also thought that enzyme efficacy is positively correlated with the proportion of the diet to which enzymes are applied (Bowman et al., 2001), but this is not always true (Yang et al., 1999). These conflicting results emphasize the importance of further examination of how the method of enzyme application affects efficacy.

Strategic Addition of Dietary Fibrolytic Enzymes for Improved Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows

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Strategic Addition of Dietary Fibrolytic Enzymes for Improved Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows